Mental Health and Traumatization of Newly Arrived Asylum Seeker Adults in Finland: A Population-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Experiences of PTEs
3.2. Mental Health Status
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participants | Gender | Age Group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | 18–29 | 30–39 | Over 39 | Total | |
Region of Origin | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) |
Russia and FSU | 135 (59.0) | 94 (41.0) | 71 (31.0) | 73 (31.9) | 85 (37.1) | 229 (29.2) |
MENA | 208 (60.8) | 134 (39.2) | 123 (36.0) | 140 (41.0) | 79 (23.1) | 342 (43.6) |
Africa | 75 (58.1) | 54 (41.9) | 63 (48.8) | 51 (39.5) | 15 (11.6) | 129 (16.5) |
Other | 55 (65.5) | 29 (34.5) | 36 (42.9) | 27 (32.1) | 21 (25.0) | 84 (10.7) |
Total | 473 (60.3) | 311 (39.7) | 293 (37.4) | 291 (37.1) | 200 (25.5) | 784 (100) |
Reported PTEs | Region of Origin | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russia/FSU | MENA | Africa (excl. NA) | Other | ||
Total n = 229 | Total n = 332 | Total n = 125 | Total n = 83 | Total n = 769 | |
% (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | |
Combat situations | |||||
Male | 20.3 (16.7–24.5) | 31.8 (28.1–35.8) | 48.0 (41.2–54.8) | 35.1 (27.7–43.3) | 31.4 (29.0–34.0) |
Female | 13.7 (10.1–18.3) | 28.1 (23.5–33.1) | 47.8 (39.6–56.1) | 42.7 (32.0–54.2) | 28.9 (25.9–32.1) |
Total | 17.6 (14.9–20.7) | 30.3 (27.4–33.4) | 48.0 (42.8–53.4) | 37.9 (31.6–44.5) | 30.4 (28.5–32.4) |
Natural disaster | |||||
Male | 14.9 (11.6–18.8) | 26.9 (23.5–30.7) | 12.5 (8.7–17.7) | 23.7 (17.4–31.4) | 20.7 (18.6–23.0) |
Female | 11.4 (8.2–15.8) | 18.7 (15.2–22.9) | 19.9 (14.0–27.6) | 32.6 (23.0–43.9) | 18.5 (16.0–21.2) |
Total | 13.4 (11.0–16.2) | 23.6 (21.0–26.4) | 15.9 (12.3–20.3) | 27.0 (21.5–33.3) | 19.8 (18.2–21.6) |
Seeing violent injury or death | |||||
Male | 52.5 (47.5–57.5) | 62.0 (57.9–65.9) | 84.3 (78.8–88.6) | 66.7 (58.7–73.8) | 63.5 (60.8–66.0) |
Female | 33.9 (28.5–39.7) | 35.7 (30.8–40.9) | 72.9 (64.9–79.6) | 57.4 (45.9–68.1) | 43.8 (40.5–47.2) |
Total | 45.0 (41.2–48.8) | 51.3 (48.2–54.5) | 79.7 (75.2–83.6) | 62.6 (56.0–68.7) | 55.5 (53.4–57.6) |
Physical harm | |||||
Male | 78.0 (73.6–81.9) | 50.2 (46.1–54.3) | 83.3 (77.1–88.0) | 64.6 (56.6–71.8) | 65.0 (62.4–67.5) |
Female | 52.5 (46.6–58.4) | 31.1 (26.4–36.1) | 71.3 (62.5–78.7) | 42.8 (31.9–54.5) | 45.3 (41.9–48.7) |
Total | 67.6 (64.0–71.0) | 42.5 (39.3–45.6) | 78.5 (73.5–82.8) | 55.7 (49.2–62.0) | 57.0 (54.9–59.1) |
Physical violence | |||||
Male | 69.3 (64.5–73.7) | 47.3 (43.2–51.4) | 82.9 (77.2–87.4) | 59.4 (51.3–67.0) | 60.4 (57.8–63.0) |
Female | 31.8 (26.5–37.5) | 25.8 (21.5–30.5) | 79.9 (72.2–85.9) | 36.6 (26.3–48.2) | 38.1 (34.8–41.5) |
Total | 53.8 (50.2–57.5) | 38.5 (35.5–41.7) | 82.0 (77.6–85.7) | 50.0 (43.6–56.4) | 51.3 (49.2–53.4) |
Imprisoned or kidnapped | |||||
Male | 42.3 (37.5–47.3) | 32.2 (28.4–36.2) | 61.4 (54.6–67.8) | 34.8 (27.6–42.6) | 40.0 (37.4–42.7) |
Female | 11.6 (8.3–15.9) | 20.6 (16.6–25.2) | 45.9 (37.8–54.1) | 29.1 (19.1–41.7) | 23.1 (20.2–26.2) |
Total | 29.7 (26.5–33.2) | 27.5 (24.7–30.4) | 55.3 (50.1–60.4) | 32.1 (26.1–38.8) | 33.1 (31.1–35.2) |
Torture | |||||
Male | 45.9 (40.9–50.9) | 44.1 (40.0–48.2) | 67.3 (60.7–73.3) | 52.8 (44.9–60.5) | 49.2 (46.5–52.0) |
Female | 7.3 (4.7–11.0) | 33.1 (28.4–38.1) | 55.5 (47.4–63.4) | 37.6 (27.0–49.6) | 29.9 (26.8–33.2) |
Total | 29.8 (26.6–33.3) | 39.5 (36.4–42.7) | 62.7 (57.6–67.6) | 46.4 (40.0–52.9) | 41.3 (39.2–43.4) |
Sexual violence | |||||
Male | 5.8 (3.9–8.7) | 6.8 (5.0–9.3) | 18.2 (13.5–24.1) | 3.5 1 | 7.8 (6.5–9.4) |
Female | 14.8 (11.1–19.4) | 16.9 (13.5–20.9) | 56.4 (47.9–64.5) | 24.0 (15.5–35.1) | 24.0 (21.2–27.0) |
Total | 9.5 (7.5–11.9) | 11.0 (9.1–13.1) | 34.2 (29.6–39.1) | 11.8 (8.1–16.9) | 14.4 (13.0–16.0) |
Forced or cheated | |||||
Male | 37.2 (32.5–42.1) | 33.4 (29.6–37.4) | 50.5 (43.7–57.3) | 40.6 (33.0–48.6) | 37.6 (35.0–40.2) |
Female | 25.9 (21.1–31.4) | 29.8 (25.3–34.8) | 69.0 (60.9–76.1) | 23.5 (15.2–34.6) | 35.2 (32.0–38.6) |
Total | 32.5 (29.0–36.1) | 32.0 (29.0–35.1) | 58.7 (53.3–63.8) | 33.9 (28.0–40.3) | 36.6 (34.6–38.7) |
Any PTE | |||||
Male | 86.4 (82.6–89.5) | 87.9 (84.9–90.3) | 97.3 1 | 85.5 (79.1–90.2) | 88.7 (86.9–90.3) |
Female | 72.7 (67.1–77.6) | 67.6 (62.5–72.2) | 87.0 (79.6–91.9) | 82.7 (73.8–89.1) | 73.7 (70.6–76.6) |
Total | 80.8 (77.6–83.6) | 79.5 (76.8–82.0) | 93.0 (89.5–95.4) | 84.1 (78.9–88.2) | 82.6 (81.0–84.2) |
Mental Health Measures | Region of Origin | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russia/FSU | MENA | Africa (excl. NA) | Other | Total | |
Total n = 220 | Total n = 318 | Total n = 116 | Total n = 82 | Total n = 736 | |
% (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | |
Depression symptoms | |||||
Male | 25.7 (21.6–30.3) | 36.5 (32.6–40.7) | 61.3 (54.3–67.9) | 37.4 (30.0–45.6) | 37.7 (35.0–40.4) |
Female | 39.3 (33.6–45.3) | 47.3 (42.0–52.5) | 69.1 (60.5–76.5) | 43.6 (32.8–55.0) | 47.5 (44.1–51.0) |
Total | 31.2 (27.8–34.9) | 40.9 (37.7–44.2) | 64.4 (59.0–69.5) | 40.1 (33.8–46.7) | 41.7 (39.6–43.9) |
Anxiety symptoms | |||||
Male | 23.7 (19.7–28.2) | 26.8 (23.2–30.7) | 41.0 (34.3–48.1) | 31.0 (24.0–39.0) | 28.9 (26.4–31.5) |
Female | 41.6 (35.8–47.5) | 39.0 (34.0–44.2) | 51.1 (42.2–60.0) | 43.3 (32.5–54.8) | 41.8 (38.4–45.2) |
Total | 31.0 (27.6–34.7) | 31.7 (28.7–34.9) | 45.0 (39.5–50.7) | 36.1 (30.0–42.7) | 34.2 (32.1–36.2) |
Suicidal thoughts | |||||
Male | 3.5 (2.1–5.8) | 4.7 (3.2–6.9) | 19.5 (14.0–26.4) | 10.2 (6.1–16.6) | 7.2 (5.8–8.8) |
Female | 2.2 1 | 8.5 (6.0–12.1) | 20.8 (14.5–28.9) | 2.9 1 | 7.8 (6.1–9.9) |
Total | 2.9 (1.9–4.5) | 6.2 (4.8–8.1) | 20.0 (15.6–25.2) | 7.6 (4.7–12.0) | 7.4 (6.3–8.7) |
HSCL Sum score | |||||
Male | 26.1 (21.9–30.7) | 31.7 (28.0–35.8) | 59.0 (51.9–65.8) | 31.9 (24.9–39.9) | 34.7 (32.1–37.4) |
Female | 40.7 (35.1–46.6) | 45.5 (40.3–50.8) | 60.4 (51.3–68.9) | 43.7 (33.0–55.1) | 45.7 (42.2–49.1) |
Total | 32.1 (28.6–35.7) | 37.3 (34.2–40.5) | 59.3 (53.6–64.8) | 36.7 (30.6–43.2) | 39.2 (37.1–41.3) |
Total n = 228 | Total n = 332 | Total n = 124 | Total n = 83 | Total n = 767 | |
Risk for traumatization | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) |
Low | |||||
Male | 66.5 (61.6–71.1) | 51.8 (47.7–55.9) | 39.7 (33.4–46.5) | 58.0 (49.9–65.6) | 54.5 (51.8–57.2) |
Female | 54.8 (48.9–60.6) | 34.9 (30.2–39.9) | 34.5 (27.0–42.9) | 43.9 (33.5–54.9) | 42.0 (38.8–45.4) |
Total | 61.8 (58.0–65.4) | 44.9 (41.8–48.1) | 37.7 (32.8–43.0) | 52.3 (45.8–58.6) | 49.4 (47.3–51.5) |
Medium | |||||
Male | 27.1 (22.9–31.8) | 31.9 (28.1–35.8) | 45.9 (39.2–52.7) | 30.2 (23.3–38.2) | 32.8 (30.3–35.4) |
Female | 32.5 (27.2–38.3) | 40.1 (35.2–45.3) | 35.7 (28.2–43.9) | 38.2 (27.8–49.9) | 36.7 (33.5–40.1) |
Total | 29.3 (26.0–33.0) | 35.2 (32.2–38.4) | 41.4 (36.3–46.7) | 33.4 (27.5–40.0) | 34.4 (32.4–36.5) |
High | |||||
Male | 6.4 (4.4–9.1) | 16.3 (13.4–19.7) | 14.4 (9.9–20.4) | 11.8 (7.4–18.3) | 12.7 (10.9–14.7) |
Female | 12.7 (9.2–17.2) | 25.0 (20.7–29.8) | 29.8 (22.6–38.2) | 17.9 (11.2–27.2) | 21.2 (18.5–24.2) |
Total | 8.9 (7.0–11.3) | 19.8 (17.3–22.6) | 20.8 (16.6–25.7) | 14.3 (10.3–19.6) | 16.2 (14.6–17.8) |
Total n = 218 | Total n = 323 | Total n = 121 | Total n = 81 | Total n = 743 | |
Psychotropic medication | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) |
Male | 5.7 (3.8–8.5) | 7.1 (5.3–9.5) | 6.8 1 | 5.6 1 | 6.6 (5.4–8.1) |
Female | 7.9 (5.1–11.9) | 12.1 (8.9–16.4) | 10.0 1 | 6.71 | 9.7 (7.7–12.2) |
Total | 6.6 (4.9–8.8) | 9.1 (7.3–11.2) | 8.4 (5.5–12.7) | 6.01 | 7.9 (6.7–9.2) |
Total n = 229 | Total n = 333 | Total n = 125 | Total n = 83 | Total n = 770 | |
Previous mental health diagnosis | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) |
Male | 9.6 (7.2–12.8) | 10.5 (8.3–13.2) | 7.5 (4.5–12.2) | 14.2 (9.2–21.2) | 10.2 (8.7–12.0) |
Female | 15.5 (11.7–20.2) | 22.6 (18.4–27.3) | 9.4 1 | 18.3 (10.7–29.7) | 17.8 (15.3–20.7) |
Total | 12.0 (9.8–14.7) | 15.4 (13.2–17.9) | 8.3 (5.6–12.1) | 16.0 (11.5–21.8) | 13.3 (11.9–14.9) |
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Garoff, F.; Skogberg, N.; Klemettilä, A.; Lilja, E.; Ahmed Haji Omar, A.; Snellman, O.; Castaneda, A.E. Mental Health and Traumatization of Newly Arrived Asylum Seeker Adults in Finland: A Population-Based Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7160. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137160
Garoff F, Skogberg N, Klemettilä A, Lilja E, Ahmed Haji Omar A, Snellman O, Castaneda AE. Mental Health and Traumatization of Newly Arrived Asylum Seeker Adults in Finland: A Population-Based Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(13):7160. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137160
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaroff, Ferdinand, Natalia Skogberg, Antti Klemettilä, Eero Lilja, Awa Ahmed Haji Omar, Olli Snellman, and Anu E. Castaneda. 2021. "Mental Health and Traumatization of Newly Arrived Asylum Seeker Adults in Finland: A Population-Based Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 7160. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137160
APA StyleGaroff, F., Skogberg, N., Klemettilä, A., Lilja, E., Ahmed Haji Omar, A., Snellman, O., & Castaneda, A. E. (2021). Mental Health and Traumatization of Newly Arrived Asylum Seeker Adults in Finland: A Population-Based Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 7160. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137160