The Impact of Internet Addiction and Job Satisfaction on Mental Health Symptoms among a Sample of Portuguese Workers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measurement Instruments
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Categories | N | % |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 500 | 47 |
Female | 564 | 53 | |
Educational Attainment | Middle school | 23 | 2.1 |
Secondary school | 110 | 10.3 | |
University | 931 | 87.6 | |
Place of Residence | Small rural environment | 49 | 4.6 |
Large rural environment | 43 | 4.0 | |
Small urban environment | 378 | 35.6 | |
Large urban environment | 594 | 55.8 | |
Marital Status | Single | 302 | 28.4 |
Married | 468 | 44.3 | |
De facto union | 111 | 10.3 | |
Widower | 11 | 1.0 | |
Dating | 76 | 7.1 | |
Divorced/separated | 96 | 8.9 | |
Professional Status | Working student | 183 | 17.2 |
Employed | 665 | 62.5 | |
Self-employed | 216 | 20.3 | |
Children | Yes | 497 | 46.7 |
No | 567 | 53.3 | |
Sector of Activity | Public sector | 497 | 46.7 |
Private sector | 567 | 53.3 | |
Enough Financial Resources | Yes | 619 | 58.2 |
No | 445 | 41.8 | |
Overall Health Self-Assessment | Bad or very bad | 116 | 10.9 |
Average | 326 | 30.6 | |
Good or very good | 622 | 58.5 |
Variable | Categories | Mean | Median | SD | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Internet Addiction | Salience | 1.56 | 1.20 | 0.71 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
Excessive use | 1.99 | 1.80 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 5.00 | |
Neglect work | 1.67 | 1.33 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 5.00 | |
Anticipation | 2.45 | 2.50 | 1.14 | 1.00 | 5.00 | |
Lack of control | 1.80 | 1.67 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 5.00 | |
Neglect social life | 1.55 | 1.50 | 0.72 | 1.00 | 5.00 | |
Overall internet addiction | 1.80 | 1.60 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 5.00 | |
Mental Health Symptoms | Anxiety symptoms | 2.42 | 2.00 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
Depressive symptoms | 1.84 | 2.00 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 5.00 | |
Overall health symptoms | 2.13 | 2.00 | 0.86 | 1.00 | 5.00 | |
Job Satisfaction | Colleagues | 4.9 | 5.00 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 7.00 |
Salary | 3.8 | 4.00 | 1.58 | 1.00 | 7.00 | |
Leadership | 4.44 | 4.67 | 1.34 | 1.00 | 7.00 | |
Job’s nature | 4.95 | 5.00 | 1.25 | 1.00 | 7.00 | |
Career promotions | 3.87 | 4.00 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 7.00 | |
Overall job satisfaction | 4.47 | 4.53 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 7.00 |
Variables | Categories | Gender | M | SD | t(df) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Internet Addiction | Salience | Male | 1.64 | 0.80 | 3.462(1043) | 0.001 * |
Female | 1.49 | 0.60 | ||||
Excessive use | Male | 2.07 | 0.73 | 3.160(1044) | 0.002 * | |
Female | 1.93 | 0.68 | ||||
Work neglect | Male | 1.81 | 0.98 | 4.980(1041) | 0.000 ** | |
Female | 1.54 | 0.76 | ||||
Anticipation | Male | 2.51 | 1.17 | 1.687(1043) | 0.092 | |
Female | 2.39 | 1.10 | ||||
Lack of control | Male | 1.88 | 0.87 | 3.097(1043) | 0.002 * | |
Female | 1.72 | 0.79 | ||||
Social life neglect | Male | 1.68 | 0.79 | 5.969(1043) | 0.000 ** | |
Female | 1.42 | 0.62 | ||||
Overall internet addiction | Male | 1.88 | 0.70 | 4.162(1044) | 0.000 ** | |
Female | 1.72 | 0.56 | ||||
Mental Health Symptoms | Anxiety symptoms | Male | 2.29 | 0.92 | −3.866(1053) | 0.000 ** |
Female | 2.52 | 0.97 | ||||
Depression symptoms | Male | 1.69 | 0.91 | −4.553(1052) | 0.000 ** | |
Female | 1.96 | 1.00 | ||||
Overall mental health symptoms | Male | 2.00 | 0.81 | −4.656(1056) | 0.000 ** | |
Female | 2.24 | 0.87 | ||||
Job Satisfaction | Colleagues | Male | 4.99 | 1.20 | 2.247(1027) | 0.025 * |
Female | 4.83 | 1.18 | ||||
Salary | Male | 3.95 | 1.55 | 2.947(1021) | 0.003 * | |
Female | 3.66 | 1.58 | ||||
Leadership | Male | 4.49 | 1.35 | 1.095(1019) | 0.274 | |
Female | 4.39 | 1.31 | ||||
Nature of job | Male | 5.06 | 1.22 | 2.796(1021) | 0.005 * | |
Female | 4.84 | 1.26 | ||||
Career promotions | Male | 4.05 | 1.50 | 3.459(1018) | 0.001 * | |
Female | 3.72 | 1.50 | ||||
Overall job satisfaction | Male | 4.58 | 1.09 | 2.987(1028) | 0.003 * | |
Female | 4.38 | 1.08 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1—Overall Levels of Internet Addiction | - | |||
2—Overall Levels of Mental Health Symptoms | 0.238 ** | - | ||
3—Overall Levels of Job Satisfaction | −0.063 * | −0.345 ** | - | |
4—Age | −0.171 ** | −0.195 ** | 0.173 ** | - |
Model I | Model II | Model III | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE B | Β | B | SE B | β | B | SE B | β | ||
Age | −0.012 | 0.002 | −0.171 ** | −0.009 | 0.002 | −0.126 ** | −0.007 | 0.002 | −0.091 * | |
Gender | 0.0191 | 0.054 | 0.111 ** | 0.164 | 0.052 | 0.095 * | 0.227 | 0.052 | 0.132 ** | |
Professional status | −0.029 | 0.047 | −0.021 | 0.007 | 0.045 | 0.005 ** | 0.022 | 0.044 | 0.015 | |
JS—Colleagues | −0.031 | 0.028 | −0.043 | −0.029 | 0.027 | −0.040 | ||||
JS—Salary satisfaction | −0.037 | 0.026 | −0.068 | −0.044 | 0.026 | −0.081 | ||||
JS—Leadership satisfaction | −0.063 | 0.033 | −0.098 | −0.067 | 0.032 | −0.104 * | ||||
JS—Job nature | −0.129 | 0.027 | −0.188 ** | −0.098 | 0.027 | −0.143 ** | ||||
JS—Career promotion | 0.002 | 0.026 | 0.003 | −0.009 | 0.026 | −0.016 | ||||
IA—Salience | 0.159 | 0.055 | 0.131 * | |||||||
IA—Excessive use | 0.131 | 0.065 | 0.108 * | |||||||
IA—Work neglect | 0.002 | 0.038 | 0.002 | |||||||
IA—Anticipation | 0.022 | 0.029 | 0.029 | |||||||
IA—Lack of control | −0.042 | 0.046 | −0.041 | |||||||
IA—Social life neglect | 0.035 | 0.041 | 0.030 | |||||||
R2 | 0.050 | 0.153 | 0.202 | |||||||
F | 17.280 ** | 21.985 ** | 17.432 ** |
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Pereira, H.; Fehér, G.; Tibold, A.; Esgalhado, G.; Costa, V.; Monteiro, S. The Impact of Internet Addiction and Job Satisfaction on Mental Health Symptoms among a Sample of Portuguese Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136943
Pereira H, Fehér G, Tibold A, Esgalhado G, Costa V, Monteiro S. The Impact of Internet Addiction and Job Satisfaction on Mental Health Symptoms among a Sample of Portuguese Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(13):6943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136943
Chicago/Turabian StylePereira, Henrique, Gergely Fehér, Antal Tibold, Graça Esgalhado, Vítor Costa, and Samuel Monteiro. 2021. "The Impact of Internet Addiction and Job Satisfaction on Mental Health Symptoms among a Sample of Portuguese Workers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136943
APA StylePereira, H., Fehér, G., Tibold, A., Esgalhado, G., Costa, V., & Monteiro, S. (2021). The Impact of Internet Addiction and Job Satisfaction on Mental Health Symptoms among a Sample of Portuguese Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 6943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136943