Sleep Duration and Waking Activities in Relation to the National Sleep Foundation’s Recommendations: An Analysis of US Population Sleep Patterns from 2015 to 2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. American Time Use Survey (ATUS) Participants
2.2. ATUS Variables and Coding
2.3. Data Processing
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | Appropriate, Recommended Duration (AR) | Appropriate But Short (AS) | Appropriate But Long (AL) | Not Recommended: Too Short (NRS) | Not Recommended: Too Long (NRL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
New-borns | |||||
0–3 month | 14–17 | 11–<14 | >17–19 | <11 | >19 |
Infants | |||||
4–11 month | 12–15 | 10–<12 | >15–18 | <10 | >18 |
Toddlers | |||||
1–2 years | 11–14 | 9–<11 | >14–16 | <9 | >16 |
Pre-schoolers | |||||
3–5 years | 10–13 | 8–<10 | >13–14 | <8 | >14 |
School-aged children | |||||
6–13 years | 9–11 | 7–<9 | >11–12 | <7 | >12 |
Teens | |||||
14–17 years | 8–10 | 7–<8 | >10–11 | <7 | >11 |
Young adults | |||||
18–25 years | 7–9 | 6–<7 | >9–11 | <6 | >11 |
Adults | |||||
26–64 years | 7–9 | 6–<7 | >9–10 | <6 | >10 |
Older adults | |||||
≥65 years | 7–8 | 5–<7 | >8–9 | <5 | >9 |
Year | Designated Sample, N | ATUS Respondents N (%) | Men N (%) | Weekdays 1 N | Weekends N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 23,281 | 10,905 (46.8) | 4778 (43.8) | 5475 | 5430 |
2016 | 23,254 | 10,493 (45.5) | 4670 (44.5) | 5327 | 5166 |
2017 | 23,303 | 10,223 (43.9) | 4642 (45.4) | 5059 | 5144 |
Total | 69,838 | 31,621 (45.3) | 14,090 (44.6) | 15,881 | 15,740 |
Characteristics | Respondents, N | Weighted Percentage (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||
17–20 | 1515 | 8.1 (8.1; 8.1) |
20–34 | 5889 | 25.2 (25.1; 25.3) |
35–49 | 8368 | 23.6 (23.5; 23.6) |
50–64 | 8106 | 24.4 (24.4; 24.5) |
≥65 | 7287 | 18.7 (18.6; 18.7) |
Sex, Male | 13,893 | 48.3 (48.2; 48.4) |
Race/ethnicity | ||
White | 20,138 | 65.7 (65.3; 66.1) |
Black | 4471 | 11.9 (11.9; 12.0) |
Hispanic | 4757 | 16.1 (16.1; 16.2) |
Asian | 1246 | 4.4 (4.1; 4.8) |
Other | 553 | 1.9 (1.7; 2.0) |
Highest level of education | ||
Less than high school | 3966 | 15.6 (15.2; 16.0) |
High school graduate | 12,889 | 44.1 (43.5; 44.7) |
College graduate | 9892 | 28.6 (28.1; 29.2) |
Masters or higher | 4418 | 11.7 (11.3; 12.1) |
Children in Household | ||
No child | 18,407 | 61.9 (61.7; 62.1) |
One or more children | 12,758 | 38.1 (37.9; 38.3) |
Marital status | ||
Married | 15,197 | 52.2 (51.6; 52.7) |
Divorced/Separated | 5392 | 11.5 (11.1; 11.9) |
Widowed | 2886 | 5.5 (5.2; 5.7) |
Never married | 7690 | 30.9 (30.4; 31.4) |
Family income | ||
<USD 50,000 | 14,626 | 42.9 (42.2; 43.6) |
USD 50,000 to <100,000 | 9441 | 31.9 (31.2; 32.7) |
≥USD 100,000 | 7098 | 25.2 (24.5; 25.8) |
Employment | ||
Full-time student | 1674 | 9.0 (8.5; 9.4) |
Employed | 17,978 | 57.3 (56.7; 58.0) |
Unemployed | 736 | 2.4 (2.2; 2.7) |
Not in Labour Force/Retired | 10,777 | 31.3 (30.8; 31.8) |
Year of Survey | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 2016 | 2017 | Total | ||
Weekday | Men | 8.46 (0.06) | 8.30 (0.06) | 8.34 (0.06) | 8.36 (0.03) |
Women | 8.58 (0.05) | 8.55 (0.05) | 8.55 (0.05) | 8.56 (0.03) | |
All | 8.52 (0.04) | 8.43 (0.04) | 8.45 (0.04) | 8.46 (0.02) | |
Weekend | Men | 9.27 (0.06) | 9.39 (0.06) | 9.26 (0.05) | 9.31 (0.03) |
Women | 9.36 (0.05) | 9.39 (0.05) | 9.38 (0.05) | 9.38 (0.03) | |
All | 9.31 (0.04) | 9.39 (0.04) | 9.32 (0.03) | 9.34 (0.02) |
AR | AS | AL | NRS | NRL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weekday | Men | 3186 (45.8) | 989 (13.2) | 968 (15.0) | 629 (9.0) | 1181 (17.2) |
Women | 3841 (44.8) | 975 (10.7) | 1460 (17.6) | 605 (7.0) | 1797 (19.9) | |
All | 7027 (45.3) | 1964 (11.9) | 2428 (16.3) | 1234 (8.0) | 2978 (18.6) | |
Weekend | Men | 2363 (33.5) | 514 (7.2) | 1436 (21.4) | 397 (5.7) | 2230 (32.2) |
Women | 2744 (32.2) | 616 (6.4) | 1902 (22.4) | 392 (4.6) | 2940 (34.4) | |
All | 5107 (32.8) | 1130 (6.8) | 3338 (21.9) | 789 (5.2) | 5170 (33.3) |
Weighted Proportion, % | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | AR | AS | AL | NRS | NRL | p |
Age (years) | ||||||
17–20 | 39.0 | 10.0 | 17.2 | 7.1 | 26.7 | <0.0001 |
20–34 | 42.2 | 8.1 | 21.1 | 7.3 | 21.3 | |
35–49 | 48.5 | 11.5 | 14.7 | 8.3 | 17.0 | |
50–64 | 49.7 | 11.9 | 13.2 | 9.0 | 16.3 | |
≥65 | 23.2 | 10.4 | 24.2 | 3.0 | 39.2 | |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 42.2 | 11.5 | 16.8 | 8.0 | 21.5 | <0.0001 |
Female | 41.2 | 9.5 | 19.0 | 6.3 | 24.1 | |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||
White | 43.8 | 10.1 | 18.5 | 6.7 | 20.8 | <0.0001 |
Black | 31.1 | 12.8 | 15.2 | 11.3 | 29.5 | |
Hispanic | 41.0 | 9.8 | 17.1 | 6.2 | 26.0 | |
Asian | 42.6 | 10.2 | 19.4 | 5.2 | 22.6 | |
Other | 37.0 | 11.3 | 18.2 | 10.4 | 23.1 | |
Educational attainment | ||||||
Less than high school | 35.7 | 9.6 | 16.9 | 6.9 | 30.9 | <0.0001 |
High school graduate | 38.8 | 10.0 | 19.2 | 7.2 | 24.7 | |
College graduate | 45.8 | 11.0 | 17.1 | 7.5 | 18.6 | |
Masters or higher | 50.5 | 11.8 | 16.3 | 6.2 | 15.2 | |
Children in Household | ||||||
No child | 39.6 | 9.9 | 19.0 | 6.6 | 24.9 | <0.0001 |
One or more children | 45.0 | 11.2 | 16.2 | 8.1 | 19.5 | |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 44.7 | 11.0 | 17.4 | 6.9 | 20.1 | <0.0001 |
Divorced/Separated | 40.3 | 10.8 | 15.9 | 7.9 | 25.1 | |
Widowed | 26.4 | 11.8 | 19.0 | 4.3 | 38.4 | |
Never married | 39.9 | 9.1 | 19.4 | 7.7 | 23.9 | |
Family income | ||||||
<USD 50,000 | 35.6 | 9.5 | 18.7 | 7.0 | 29.1 | <0.0001 |
USD 50,000–<100,000 | 42.7 | 11.0 | 18.7 | 7.0 | 20.6 | |
≥USD 100,000 | 50.7 | 11.3 | 15.5 | 7.5 | 15.0 | |
Employment | ||||||
Full-time student | 38.7 | 7.9 | 22.8 | 7.4 | 23.2 | <0.0001 |
Employed | 48.0 | 12.0 | 15.2 | 8.0 | 16.8 | |
Unemployed | 36.1 | 8.2 | 18.9 | 9.5 | 27.2 | |
Not in Labour Force/Retired | 31.4 | 8.5 | 21.5 | 5.3 | 33.3 |
NSF Sleep Recommendation Categories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duration (95% CI) | Change in Waking Activity Compared to Reference Category (AR) in min (95% CI) | ||||
Waking Activity | AR | NRS | AS | AL | NRL |
Work and work-related activities | 450.6 (435.3; 465.8) | +53.7 (37.3; 69.7) # | +41.3 (29.1; 53.5) # | −73.0 (−84.6; −61.3) # | −124.3 (−134.7; −113.9) # |
Socialising, relaxing, and leisure | 218.9 (206.1; 231.6) | +47.7 (32.9; 62.6) # | +7.9 (−1.5; 17.4) | +10.8 (0.9; 20.7) * | −8.4 (−18.7; 1.8) |
TV watching | 142.7 (131.6; 153.9) | +17.1 (4.2; 29.9) ‡ | +4.2 (−4.1; 12.4) | +9.3 (1.2; 17.4) * | +4.4 (−4.4; 13.3) |
Screen time | 152.6 (141.2; 164.0) | +16.6 (4.0; 29.3) * | +4.4 (−4.4; 13.1) | +12.1 (3.1; 21.1) ‡ | +2.3 (−7.1; 11.6) |
Travel | 73.9 (69.1; 78.7) | +26.8 (20.0; 33.5) # | +16.2 (11.5; 20.8) # | −7.8 (−11.5; −4.2) # | −15.9 (−20.4; −11.5) # |
Personal care (excluding sleep) | 33.6 (29.5; 37.7) | +19.5 (12.7; 26.4) # | +7.8 (14.1; 11.5) # | −7.3 (−9.7; −4.9) # | −9.4 (−11.9; −6.9) # |
Household activities | 71.2 (61.9; 80.5) | + 8.2 (0.4; 16.1) * | −2.1 (−8.5; 4.4) | +10.0 (2.1; 17.8) * | −10.1 (−17.2; −2.9) ‡ |
Eating and drinking | 60.7 (57.5; 63.9) | +1.5 (−2.8; 5.9) | −1.0 (−3.4; 1.5) | −0.8 (−3.6; 2.0) | −3.8 (−6.0; −1.6) ‡ |
Sport, exercise and recreation | 15.7 (12.5; 18.9) | +2.8 (−1.2; 6.8) | +1.1 (−2.2; 4.4) | +1.1 (−1.9; 4.1) | −1.6 (−4.0; 0.8) |
Consumer purchases | 11.8 (9.0; 14.6) | +0.7 (−2.1; 3.5) | +0.6 (−1.6; 2.8) | +2.0 (−0.6; 4.6) | −1.0 (−3.6; 1.3) |
Education | −3.9 (−9.9; 2.2) | +15.6 (3.2; 28.0) * | +5.9 (−0.6; 12.3) | −21.8 (−27.5; −16.0) # | −31.6 (−37.4; −25.7) # |
Care for household members | −2.3 (−6.8; 2.1) | +2.6 (−1.8; 7.0) | +3.4 (−0.2; 6.9) | −1.7 (−5.3; 1.9) | −6.6 (−9.5; −3.8) # |
Care for nonhousehold members | 8.7 (5.8; 11.5) | −0.2 (−2.8;2.4) | +1.5 (−1.1; 4.0) | −0.6 (−2.9; 1.7) | −1.8 (−4.2; 0.6) |
Religious and spiritual activities | 2.1 (−0.2; 4.4) | −0.1 (−2.2; 1.9) | +0.3 (−1.4; 2.0) | −0.9 (−2.2; 0.5) | −1.8 (−3.2; −0.5) ‡ |
Volunteer activities | 4.4 (1.5; 7.3) | +3.5 (−0.3; 7.3) | +2.4 (−0.4; 5.1) | −0.5 (−3.2; 2.3) | −4.1 (−6.0; −2.1) # |
Telephone calls | 0.5 (−1.0; 2.0) | +0.1 (−2.0; 2.3) | +1.0 (−0.6; 2.7) | −1.8 (−2.9; −0.7) ‡ | −1.9 (−3.2; −0.7) ‡ |
Household services | 1.4 (0.5; 2.3) | −0.2 (−0.9; 0.5) | −0.4 (−1.2; 0.5) | −0.2 (−0.8; 0.3) | −0.4 (−1.0; 0.2) |
Professional/personal care services | 2.2 (0.7; 3.7) | +2.1 (−0.4; 4.7) | +0.8 (−1.0; 2.5) | +0.3 (−1.1; 1.7) | +1.6 (0.1; 3.1) * |
Government service and civic duties | 0.1 (0.0; 0.2) | 0.0 (−0.3; 0.3) | −0.1 (−0.2; 0.1) | 0.0 (−0.2; 0.1) | 0.1 (−0.2; 0.3) |
NSF Sleep Recommendation Categories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duration (95% CI) | Change in waking activity compared to reference category (AR) in min (95% CI) | ||||
Waking Activity | AR | NRS | AS | AL | NRL |
Work and work-related activities | 140.2 (126.6; 153.8) | +97.4 (72.2; 122.7) # | +46.3 (28.7; 63.9) # | −40.2 (−48.8; −31.5) # | −60.5 (−67.1; −53.9) # |
Socialising, relaxing, and leisure | 356.6 (341.7; 371.6) | +43.8 (15.1; 72.4) ‡ | +29.7 (11.9; 47.5) ‡ | −8.0 (−18.1; 2.0) | −35.3 (−45.2; −25.4) # |
TV watching | 218.4 (203.9; 232.9) | +3.7 (−19.5; 27.0) | +1.9 (−15.3; 19.1) | +2.8 (−6.3; 11.9) | −0.5 (−8.9; 7.9) |
Screen time | 228.3 (213.9; 242.8) | +1.5 (−22.4; 25.4) | +4.5 (−13.7; 22.7) | +0.2 (−9.0; 9.4) | −2.7 (−11.2; 5.8) |
Travel | 79.1 (73.1; 85.1) | +44.3 (28,7; 60.0) # | +17.1 (8.5; 25.7) # | −8.9 (−13.0; −4.9) # | −24.0 (−27.7; −20.2) # |
Personal care (excluding sleep) | 30.2 (26.7; 33.6) | +21.5 (12.3; 30.7) # | +8.0 (1.8; 14.2) * | −2.5 (−5.0; 0.0) # | −6.6 (−8.9; −4.3) # |
Household activities | 141.7 (130.8; 152.6) | −9.7 (−23.3; 3.9) | −9.6 (−21.1; 1.9) | −5.0 (−13.0; 3.0) | −26.9 (−33.1; −20.7) # |
Eating and drinking | 71.7 (67.7; 75.7) | −0.4 (−6.8; 6.1) | −0.7 (−4.9; 3.4) | 0.0 (−2.6; 2.6) | −4.5 (−6.9; 2.1) # |
Sport, exercise and recreation | 32.3 (27.0; 37.5) | +7.2 (−2.6; 17.1) | +10.1 (1.5; 18.8) * | −5.9 (−9.2; −2.6) ‡ | −7.4 (−10.9; −3.9) # |
Consumer purchases | 30.7 (26.9; 34.6) | −3.8 (−9.0; 1.4) | −0.9 (−5.4; 3.6) | −1.4 (−4.4; 1.6) | −5.3 (−7.8; −2.8) # |
Education | 4.3 (−0.5; 9.1) | −0.7 (−10.4; 0.1) | −1.3 (−7.0; 4.2) | −5.8 (−9.9; −1.7) ‡ | −8.2 (−11.9;−4.4) # |
Care for household members | 9.5 (5.8; 13.2) | +6.5 (−1.9; 14.9) | −2.4 (−6.8; 2.0) | −3.7 (−6.6; −0.7) * | −11.6 (−14.0; −9.2) # |
Care for nonhousehold members | 12.1 (8.5; 15.7) | −1.8 (−6.0; 2.4) | −0.2 (−3.7; 3.2) | −1.9 (−4.4; 0.7) | −4.1 (−6.6; −1.6) ‡ |
Religious and spiritual activities | 15.3 (11.1; 19.6) | −5.0 (−9.8; −0.2) * | −4.1 (−8.4; 0.1) | −0.7 (−3.5; 2.1) | −5.1 (−7.4; −2.8) # |
Volunteer activities | 9.4 (6.2; 12.6) | 5.0 (−1.5; 11.4) | 2.3 (−1.6; 6.3) | −2.9 (−5.4; −0.3) * | −6.7 (−8.6; −4.9) # |
Telephone calls | 0.7 (−0.8; 2.1) | +4.6 (−2.0; 11.1) | +1.6 (−0.5; 3.6) | −0.8 (−2.0; 0.4) | −2.0 (−3.1; −0.8) ‡ |
Household services | 0.4 (0.0; 0.8) | 0.0 (−0.7; 0.6) | −0.1 (−0.6; 0.4) | −0.3 (−0.6; 0.1) | −0.2 (−0.6; 0.1) |
Professional/personal care services | 1.9 (0.8; 3.0) | +2.1 (−0.2; 4.5) | −0.5 (−1.6; 0.7) | −0.5 (−1.5; 0.5) | −0.9 (−1.7; −0.1) * |
Government service and civic duties | 0.0 (−0.2; 0.2) | 0.0 (−0.3; 0.3) | −0.1 (−0.2; 0.1) | 0.0 (−0.2; 0.1) | 0.1 (−0.2; 0.3) |
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Mireku, M.O.; Rodriguez, A. Sleep Duration and Waking Activities in Relation to the National Sleep Foundation’s Recommendations: An Analysis of US Population Sleep Patterns from 2015 to 2017. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116154
Mireku MO, Rodriguez A. Sleep Duration and Waking Activities in Relation to the National Sleep Foundation’s Recommendations: An Analysis of US Population Sleep Patterns from 2015 to 2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):6154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116154
Chicago/Turabian StyleMireku, Michael Osei, and Alina Rodriguez. 2021. "Sleep Duration and Waking Activities in Relation to the National Sleep Foundation’s Recommendations: An Analysis of US Population Sleep Patterns from 2015 to 2017" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 6154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116154
APA StyleMireku, M. O., & Rodriguez, A. (2021). Sleep Duration and Waking Activities in Relation to the National Sleep Foundation’s Recommendations: An Analysis of US Population Sleep Patterns from 2015 to 2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 6154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116154