Validation and Test of Measurement Invariance of the Adapted Health Consciousness Scale (HCS-G)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Adaption of the HCS-G and Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Study Variables
2.3.1. Health Literacy
2.3.2. Impulsivity
2.3.3. Personality Traits
2.3.4. Further Constructs
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Sample
3.2. Item Statistics
3.3. Confirmatory Factor Analyses
3.4. Validation Analyses
3.4.1. Health Consciousness and Sociodemographic Variables
3.4.2. Validation of Health Consciousness
3.5. Measurement Invariance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
gender | female | 332 | 71% |
male | 138 | 29% | |
marital status | married or in partnership | 344 | 73% |
single | 115 | 24% | |
other | 11 | 2% | |
educational level | university degree | 273 | 58% |
completed vocational training | 91 | 19% | |
maturity for university | 77 | 16% | |
secondary school certificate | 29 | 6% | |
subjective financial situation | very good or good | 300 | 64% |
average | 114 | 24% | |
bad or very bad | 56 | 12% | |
residential area | big city above 100,000 residents | 244 | 52% |
city above 20,000 residents | 88 | 19% | |
town or village up to 20,000 residents | 138 | 29% |
Item | Mean | SD | Median | Skew | Kurtosis | Response Distribution | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||||
hcon1C | 3.88 | 0.89 | 4 | −0.93 | 0.72 | 1% | 9% | 12% | 56% | 22% |
hcon2C | 3.89 | 0.88 | 4 | −0.89 | 0.65 | 1% | 9% | 12% | 56% | 22% |
hcon3C | 4.07 | 0.8 | 4 | −1.22 | 2.25 | 1% | 6% | 6% | 60% | 27% |
hcon4I | 3.71 | 0.97 | 4 | −0.74 | −0.02 | 2% | 13% | 15% | 52% | 18% |
hcon5A | 4.1 | 0.72 | 4 | −1.06 | 2.42 | 0% | 4% | 7% | 63% | 26% |
hcon6A | 4.19 | 0.67 | 4 | −0.84 | 1.71 | 0% | 3% | 6% | 61% | 30% |
hcon7M | 3.23 | 1.01 | 3 | −0.23 | −0.79 | 3% | 24% | 26% | 39% | 8% |
hcon8M | 3.56 | 0.91 | 4 | −0.61 | −0.14 | 1% | 14% | 22% | 52% | 11% |
hcon9I | 3.75 | 0.92 | 4 | −0.62 | −0.25 | 0% | 13% | 16% | 51% | 19% |
Model | Chi2 | df | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) single factor | 229.990 | 27 | 0.763 | 0.684 | 0.127 | 0.077 |
(2) four-factor | 114.590 | 21 | 0.891 | 0.813 | 0.097 | 0.056 |
(3) single factor (short) | 193.054 | 9 | 0.695 | 0.491 | 0.209 | 0.087 |
(4) three-factor (short) | 34.200 | 6 | 0.953 | 0.883 | 0.100 | 0.035 |
(5) two-factor (short) | 37.854 | 8 | 0.950 | 0.907 | 0.089 | 0.038 |
HCS-G (sc) | HCS-G (sm) | Age | Marital Status | Educational Level | Financial Situation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HCS-G (sm) | 0.55 *** | |||||
age | 0.07 | 0.02 | ||||
marital status | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.02 | |||
educational level | −0.06 | −0.13 ** | −0.04 | −0.08 | ||
financial situation | −0.05 | −0.08 | 0.12 ** | −0.12 ** | 0.22 *** | |
residential area | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.13 ** | 0.03 | −0.21 *** | 0.00 |
HCS-G (sc) | HCS-G (sm) | consc.1 | consc.2 | Openness | Impulsivity | Extraversion | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HCS-G (sm) | 0.55 *** | ||||||
consc.1 | 0.15 ** | 0.08 | |||||
consc.2 | 0.13 ** | 0.08 | 0.24 *** | ||||
openness | 0.12 * | 0.10 * | 0.00 | 0.08 | |||
impulsivity | −0.14 ** | −0.11 * | −0.27 *** | −0.46 *** | 0.05 | ||
extraversion | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.07 | −0.17 *** | 0.08 | 0.26 *** | |
neuroticism | 0.01 | −0.05 | −0.08 | 0.11 * | −0.07 | −0.08 | −0.30 *** |
HCS-G (sc) | HCS-G (sm) | Health Literacy | |
---|---|---|---|
HCS-G (sm) | 0.55 *** | ||
health literacy | 0.09 * | 0.15 ** | |
frq. med. help | 0.09 * | −0.01 | 0.06 |
Level of Invariance | Chi2 | df | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR | Δ CFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
configural | 45.123 | 16 | 0.952 | 0.910 | 0.088 | 0.035 | −0.002 |
metric | 36.226 | 20 | 0.973 | 0.960 | 0.059 | 0.038 | 0.021 |
scalar | 42.600 | 24 | 0.969 | 0.962 | 0.058 | 0.041 | −0.004 |
conservative | 47.259 | 30 | 0.972 | 0.972 | 0.050 | 0.045 | 0.003 |
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Marsall, M.; Engelmann, G.; Skoda, E.-M.; Teufel, M.; Bäuerle, A. Validation and Test of Measurement Invariance of the Adapted Health Consciousness Scale (HCS-G). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6044. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116044
Marsall M, Engelmann G, Skoda E-M, Teufel M, Bäuerle A. Validation and Test of Measurement Invariance of the Adapted Health Consciousness Scale (HCS-G). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):6044. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116044
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarsall, Matthias, Gerrit Engelmann, Eva-Maria Skoda, Martin Teufel, and Alexander Bäuerle. 2021. "Validation and Test of Measurement Invariance of the Adapted Health Consciousness Scale (HCS-G)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 6044. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116044