Causal Attributions in Breast Cancer Patients Planning to Undergo Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Sample and Settings
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Patients
3.2. Causal Attributions of Breast Cancer
3.3. Associations between Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients and Causal Attributions
3.4. Relationships between Causal Attributions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Categories | Subcategories |
---|---|
Biological factors | Genetics/Family history |
Poor organ function | |
Breast condition | |
Environmental factors | Environmental factors |
Behavioral factors | Lifestyle in general |
Exercise | |
Diet | |
Weight control | |
Alcohol/Smoking | |
Sleep | |
Lack of prevention | |
Work-related problems | |
Reproduction-related factors | Reproductive history |
Breastfeeding | |
Hormones | |
Psychological factors | Emotion |
Personality | |
Stress | |
Others | Low income |
Existential influences/Fates | |
Health condition | |
Restrictive clothing | |
No causal attribution |
Characteristics | Mean (SD 1) or n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 46.75 (8.18) | |
≤40 | 58 (19.4) | |
>40 | 241 (80.6) | |
Education level | High School or below | 114 (38.1) |
College and above | 185 (61.9) | |
Marital status | No | 40 (13.4) |
Yes | 257 (86.0) | |
No information | 2 (0.7) | |
Employment status | No | 146 (48.8) |
Yes | 153 (51.2) | |
Family history of cancer | No | 169 (56.5) |
Yes | 130 (43.5) | |
Family history of breast cancer | No | 267 (89.3) |
Yes | 32 (10.7) | |
Cancer stage | In situ | 39 (13.0) |
Invasive (Stage I, II, or III) | 260 (87.0) | |
Type of surgery | Mastectomy | 57 (19.1) |
Conservation | 242 (80.9) | |
Chemotherapy | No | 199 (66.6) |
Yes | 100 (33.4) | |
Radiation therapy | No | 51 (17.1) |
Yes | 248 (82.9) | |
Menopausal status | No | 226 (75.6) |
Yes | 73 (24.4) |
Causes | Age | Education Level | Marital Status | Employment Status | Family History of Cancer | Family History of Breast Cancer | Cancer Stage | Type of Surgery | Chemotherapy | Radiation Therapy | MenopausalStatus | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤40 (n = 58) | >40 (n = 241) | High school or below (n = 114) | College and above (n = 185) | No (n = 40) | Yes (n = 257) | No (n = 146) | Yes (n = 153) | No (n = 169) | Yes (n = 130) | No (n = 267) | No (n = 226) | Yes (n = 73) | Invasive (n = 260) | Mastectomy (n = 57) | Conservation (n = 242) | No (n = 199) | Yes (n = 100) | No (n = 51) | Yes (n = 248) | No (n = 226) | Yes (n = 73) | |
Stress (n = 217) | 74.1 | 69.3 | 69.3 | 70.8 | 67.5 | 70.4 | 69.9 | 70.6 | 69.8 | 70.8 | 70.8 | 65.6 | 69.2 | 70.4 | 66.7 | 71.1 | 71.4 | 68.0 | 72.5 | 69.8 | 72.6 | 63.0 |
Diet (n = 138) | 56.9 | 42.7 | 46.5 | 44.9 | 50.0 | 45.1 | 42.5 | 48.4 | 46.2 | 44.6 | 46.8 | 34.4 | 38.5 | 46.5 | 49.1 | 44.6 | 47.7 | 41.0 | 56.9 | 43.1 | 46.5 | 42.5 |
Exercise (n = 68) | 15.5 | 24.5 | 23.7 | 22.2 | 15.8 | 24.1 | 22.6 | 22.9 | 24.9 | 20.0 | 22.5 | 25.0 | 25.6 | 22.3 | 19.3 | 23.6 | 23.1 | 22.0 | 23.5 | 22.6 | 21.7 | 26.0 |
Work-related problems (n = 34) | 8.6 | 12 | 9.6 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 10.9 | 8.2 | 14.4 | 13.0 | 9.2 | 12.0 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 11.9 | 8.8 | 12.0 | 9.0 | 16.0 | 7.8 | 12.1 | 10.6 | 13.7 |
Weight control (n = 29) | 12.1 | 9.1 | 7.9 | 10.8 | 5.0 | 10.5 | 11.6 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 12.3 | 9.0 | 15.6 | 10.3 | 9.6 | 10.5 | 9.5 | 8.5 | 12.0 | 5.9 | 10.5 | 9.7 | 9.6 |
Sleep (n = 27) | 13.8 | 7.9 | 7.0 | 10.3 | 17.5 | 7.8 | 8.9 | 9.2 | 6.5 | 12.3 | 9.0 | 9.4 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 14.0 | 7.9 | 8.5 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 8.9 | 10.6 | 4.1 |
Alcohol/Smoking (n = 26) | 6.9 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 8.1 | 15.0 | 7.0 | 11.0 | 6.5 | 9.5 | 7.7 | 9.4 | 3.1 | 5.1 | 9.2 | 7.0 | 9.1 | 6.5 | 13.0 | 2.0 | 10.1 | 9.3 | 6.8 |
Personality (n = 25) | 3.4 | 8.7 | 7.0 | 8.1 | 2.5 | 8.6 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 4.7 * | 11.5 * | 6.7 | 15.6 | 10.3 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 3.9 | 8.5 | 7.1 | 9.6 |
Genetics/Family history (n = 21) | 6.9 | 6.6 | 4.4 | 8.6 | 5.0 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 6.5 | 3.6 ** | 11.5 ** | 4.1 *** | 31.3 *** | 7.7 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 9.0 | 5.9 | 7.3 | 8.4 | 2.7 |
Environmental Factors (n = 20) | 3.4 | 7.1 | 5.3 | 7.0 | 2.5 | 7.0 | 2.7 * | 9.8 * | 7.7 | 4.6 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 4.0 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 6.8 |
Lifestyle in general (n = 20) | 6.9 | 6.6 | 9.6 | 4.9 | 12.5 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 4.6 | 7.1 | 3.1 | 5.1 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 3.9 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 5.5 |
Hormones (n = 18) | 5.2 | 6.2 | 3.5 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 5.8 | 7.5 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 8.5 | 6.4 | 3.1 | 12.8 | 5.0 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 6.9 | 5.3 | 8.2 |
Lack of prevention (n = 17) | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 2.5 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 4.6 | 6.0 | 0.0 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 6.5 | 3.0 | 5.9 | 5.2 | 3.5 * | 11.0 * |
Breastfeeding (n = 16) | 5.2 | 5.4 | 2.6 | 7.0 | 0.0 | 6.2 | 4.8 | 5.9 | 7.1 | 3.1 | 5.6 | 3.1 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 2.7 |
Reproductive history (n = 14) | 3.4 | 4.6 | 2.6 | 5.4 | 10.0 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 5.9 | 7.1 ** | 0.8 ** | 4.5 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 4.6 | 0.0 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 5.5 |
Poor organ function (n = 7) | 1.7 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.7 |
Emotion (n = 3) | 0 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 3.5 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 2.7 |
Existential influences/Fates (n = 2) | 0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.4 |
Health condition (n = 2) | 0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
Breast condition (n = 1) | 1.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.0 |
Restrictive clothing (n = 1) | 1.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.0 |
No causal attribution (n = 1) | 0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 1.4 |
No Family History of Cancer (n = 169) | Family History of Cancer (n = 130) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Causes | Frequency | Causes | Degree | Causes | Frequency | Causes | Degree |
Stress | 120 | Diet | 16 | Stress | 97 | Stress | 15 |
Diet | 80 | Stress | 16 | Diet | 58 | Diet | 14 |
Exercise | 42 | Exercise | 12 | Exercise | 26 | Genetics/Family history | 12 |
Work-related problems | 22 | Breastfeeding | 10 | Personality | 17 | Exercise | 11 |
Alcohol/Smoking | 16 | Environmental Factors | 9 | Weight control | 16 | Personality | 11 |
Environmental Factors | 14 | Lifestyle in general | 9 | Sleep | 16 | Weight control | 11 |
Lifestyle in general | 14 | Alcohol/Smoking | 9 | Genetics/Family history | 15 | Alcohol/Smoking | 9 |
Weight control | 13 | Work-related problems | 9 | Work-related problems | 12 | Sleep | 8 |
Reproductive history | 13 | Reproductive history | 9 | Hormones | 11 | Hormones | 8 |
Breastfeeding | 12 | Weight control | 8 | Alcohol/Smoking | 10 | Work-related problems | 6 |
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Park, S.K.; Min, Y.H.; Lee, M.; Lee, S.B. Causal Attributions in Breast Cancer Patients Planning to Undergo Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115931
Park SK, Min YH, Lee M, Lee SB. Causal Attributions in Breast Cancer Patients Planning to Undergo Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115931
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Seul Ki, Yul Ha Min, Minsun Lee, and Sae Byul Lee. 2021. "Causal Attributions in Breast Cancer Patients Planning to Undergo Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115931