Vulnerable Workers and COVID-19: Insights from a Survey of Members of the International Commission for Occupational Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Study Participants
3.2. Continental Patterns
3.3. Mitigating Actions by Governments
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Full List of Questions in Survey Questionnaire
Section 1: Background to COVID-19 | |
*Q1: In your opinion what is the quality of the COVID-19 information provided by the Government of your country? | |
*Excellent | |
*Good | |
*Average | |
*Poor | |
*Q2: In your opinion what is the quality of the COVID-19 response provided by the Government of your country? | |
*Excellent | |
*Good | |
*Average | |
*Poor | |
Q3: In your opinion what is the quality of the COVID-19 information provided by your Employer? | |
*Excellent | |
*Good | |
*Average | |
*Poor | |
Q4: In your opinion what is the quality of the COVID-19 response provided by your Employer? | |
*Excellent | |
*Good | |
*Average | |
*Poor | |
Q5: What strategies have been implemented as of 1st May 2020 with regards to the response to COVID-19 by your Government ? (choose all that apply) | |
*Social distancing without lockdown | |
*Local/partial lockdown (geographical boundaries) | |
*Local/partial lockdown for ‘at risk groups’ | |
*National lockdown | |
*Other: Please comment | |
Q6: What media platforms have you used to access information on COVID-19? (choose all that apply) | |
*National news channel | |
*Official Government Committee Announcement | |
*National Health and Safety Body website | |
*Websites of other organisations, e.g., WHO, ILO, CDC, NIOSH, HSE, etc. | |
*Popular celebrity or leader | |
*Other: Please comment | |
*None | |
Q7: What is your current reaction to the COVID-19 situation as of 1st May 2020? (choose all that apply) | |
*Shock | |
*Denial | |
*Frustration | |
*Depression | |
*Experiment | |
*Decision | |
*Integration | |
*Other: Please comment | |
Section 2: Availability of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for health workers | |
Q8: Do you think your country has provided adequate PPE for health workers likely to come into contact with COVID-19 cases? | |
*Yes | |
*No | |
*Don’t know | |
Q9: Is there any discrimination in the supply of PPE? | |
*Yes | |
*No | |
*Don’t know | |
Q10: In case you have answered yes in Q9, please may you comment on instances of discrimination and an other factors leading to poor supply of PPE? | |
Please comment: | |
Q11. Which group of persons have better access to PPE in your country? (choose all that apply) | |
*Police | |
*Security personnel | |
*Politicians | |
*Health workers | |
*Delivery staff | |
*Private sector workers having better access than the public sector workers | |
*Males getting preferential access to PPE | |
*Females getting preferential access to PPE | |
*Other: Please comment | |
Q12: Have you come across situations in your country where PPE is not readily available for health workers? | |
*Yes | |
*No | |
*Don’t know | |
Q13: Can you comment and provide examples of poor PPE access for health workers? | |
Please comment | |
Q14. What type of PPE is NOT readily available to health workers as of 1st May 2020 in your country? (choose all that apply) | |
*Surgical mask | |
*N95 mask | |
*FFP3 respirator | |
*Face shield | |
*Hazmat suit | |
*Other: Please give examples | |
Q15: What innovative schemes have been developed in your country for PPE (face mask) and Sanitisation products production? | |
*Local production of face masks | |
*3D printing schemes | |
*Making alcohol gel from byproduct of the brewing industry | |
*Other: Please give examples | |
Section 3: Impact of COVID-19 on work/employment | |
Q16: What kind of measures are in place in your country to cushion the effect of COVID-19 on work and employment? (choose all that apply) | |
*Protection of workers in the workplace (e.g., strengthening OSH measures, preventing discrimination) | |
*Supporting employment and income (e.g., social/unemployment benefits) | |
*Compensation system for occupationally acquired COVID-19 | |
*Others, specify | |
*None | |
Q17: Do you consider the measures in the question above (Q16) to be adequate? | |
*Yes | |
*No | |
Q18: In case you have answered No in Q17, please may you be able to comment below? | |
Q19: What other measures do you think would help cushion the job security effects of COVID-19? Please may you comment below | |
Q20: What do you feel the future holds post COVID-19 for work and employment? | |
*No hope | |
*Some hope | |
*Hopeful | |
*Good future | |
*Other: Please explain | |
Q21. Which groups of workers, if any, do you feel may become even more disadvantaged as a result of COVID-19? (choose all that apply) | |
*None | |
*Those with a disability or long term health condition | |
*Migrant workers | |
*Women | |
*Unemployed | |
*Those in precarious employment (including low paid, zero hour contracts) | |
*Informal workers such as street food vendors, waste pickers, etc. | |
*Older workers | |
*Other: please explain | |
Q22. Do you feel there are any actions your Government could take to mitigate the effects on any groups in Q21 above? | |
*Yes | |
*No | |
Q23: In case you have answered Yes in Q22 above, please may you be able to comment below: | |
Section 4: About you | |
Q24. What country are you based in? | |
Q25. What city are you based in? | |
Q26: What is your gender? | |
*Male | |
*Female | |
*Other | |
Q27: What is your age? | |
*21–30 | |
*31–40 | |
*41–50 | |
*51–60 | |
*61–70 | |
*71–80 | |
>80 | |
Q28: What is your profession? | |
*Academic | |
Occupational health physician | |
*Occupational health nurse | |
*Occupational health researcher | |
*Occupational hygienist/industrial hygienist | |
*Other: Please specify | |
Q29: What type of organisation do you work for? (choose all that apply) | |
*Public sector | |
*Private sector | |
*Agriculture and other rural sectors | |
*Basic metal production | |
*Chemical industries | |
*Commerce | |
*Construction | |
*Education | |
*Financial and professional services | |
*Food, beverage, tobacco | |
*Forestry, wood, pulp and paper | |
*Health services | |
*Hotels, tourism, catering | |
*Mechanical and electrical engineering, electronics and IT | |
*Media, cultural, graphics | |
*Mining | |
*Oil and gas (production and refining) | |
*Postal and telecommunication services | |
*Shipping, ports, fisheries | |
*Textiles, clothing, footwear | |
*Transport (aviation, rail, and road) | |
*Utilities (water, gas, electricity) | |
*Other, please specify: | |
Q30: In case you have any further comments on further questions or areas of improvement for this survey, would be most appreciated. Please comment below: |
Appendix B. Answers to Q23
Q23 In case you have answered Yes in Q22 above, please may you be able to comment below. |
Answers: |
Administration/General Policy |
Make sure to review statistics of employment among these groups. |
It is necessary to analyse, identify, and use the opportunities for people. |
Guidelines. |
Review labour laws to accommodate the pandemic. |
More supportive and inclusive policies, universal basic income. |
Develop mitigating plans for this. |
Law enforcement. |
Subventions (but not enough controlled in practice, especially among private sectors). |
Introduce permanent infrastructure to deal with poverty and inequality. |
I think society as a whole will need to re-configure to meet demands, retraining, new types of job, new ways of working, e.g., how to continue education, health, childcare, transports, essential services in a COVID world The government, national bodies might as well start considering what this new, long-term COVID world is going to look like now. |
Do something about discrimination against specific racial groups |
To be honest, I am not sure what actions may be taken. However, I feel that these actions will need to be innovative and feasible in the long term. |
Extend the intended duration of various support programs and broaden access to those not receiving benefits now (some casual workers, temporary visa holders, international students). |
Teach business people how to spot possible corruption trends and how to prevent it. |
Plan a relief fund. |
Improvement on wages. |
Mass testing. |
Social and economic relief. |
Tax the rich and give money to the poor. |
Stop political appointees as advisers. |
Economic Sector/Industry |
Incentive industrial production. |
Open up certain industries and do away with ridiculous regulations (no alcohol/cigarette sales, sale of closed shoes allowed, but not open, no T shirt sales, but Golf shirts allowed etc!!! |
Permit business with strict enforcement of usage of masks, sanitizers, and social distancing. |
Allowing people to start working (e.g., vendors) but after solid training on H&S and under strict rules. |
Re-opening the businesses ASAP. |
Haul the economy and give monthly stipends. |
Same as Q19, it should not be compartmentalised action, instead it should be global action that will stimulate the economy. |
Retraining of employees to be equipped with transferable skills and IT skills to be ready for an uncertain world. Facilitation of IT adoption by companies to enable new ways of working or new business model. |
Keep the healthy older worker with experience for coaching and mentoring purposes, |
policy to relax debt payments. |
Economic reforms. |
Activate economy responsibly, reduce public employment and spending where it is not needed. |
Our government steps to boost for the economy are very welcome for all the Indians. |
Redraft economic policy to favour local corporations. |
Do away with their racist policies and ensure that they form business compacts with big business and high net worth individuals to release cash reserves into the economy. |
Social and economic relief. |
Government taking steps to review the economic impacts. |
Economic support month. |
Same as Q19, it should not be compartmentalised action, instead it should be global action that will stimulate the economy. |
Support employers. |
Training people how they can become entrepreneurs and how to manage their small business successful. Provide finances to start small business and do audits to see are they managing and providing job opportunities for others. Have audits done and give feedbacks on trends. |
Identify those at risk and clear guidance on RTW and safe work practices and social welfare contributions if not possible to RTW. |
Job retraining programs, equity in access to financial support. |
Loans and grants. |
Prefer employment in essential services area, be local employ local and be state employ state. |
Social Support |
Strengthening social support to disadvantaged workers. |
Provide more support to families with children to protect women’s employment, set up social support and empower welfare system to support vulnerable and fragile workers social safety net support; re-training workers who are at high risk to do other work; sick pay for all workers to reduce spread of virus. |
This is now being done, i.e., people over 65 years old and with chronic diseases (diabetes, oncology, serious problems with the cardiovascular and bronchopulmonary systems) are completely relieved of work in state institutions with a fully preserved salary. In private institutions, everything is more complicated. |
Social protection. |
Social security schemes by Social Security Organization. |
Social Protection and incomes Public Health Services. |
A real compensation programs. |
Unemployment benefits and compensation. |
Introduce unemployment allowance, introduce social welfare policies. |
Food delivery to unemployed families. |
Grants and other benefits to be provided on need not race or friendship or political affiliation. |
Direct future financial supports to those groups. |
Financial help would have helped them. |
Direct transfer of financial benefits to the workers and ensuring safe transport to migrant workers home town. |
The government should prepare financial assistance, paying particular attention to older and disabled workers, who are in difficult situation and have bigger needs. |
Financial support, development projects. |
Financial support. |
Improve financial resources for those in need. |
Expedite financial assistance initiated by government and enforce lockdown measures equally all over the country |
help targeted groups and finance costs from the rich and wealthy (companies). |
Some income to lowest strata of workers. |
Migrant Workers |
Strong support for migrant workers. |
Direct transfer of financial benefits to the workers and ensuring safe transport to migrant workers home town. |
The biggest problem is with migrants, but there are also great successes in this environment (isolation, increased medical control, social benefits). |
Others |
Government is helping all employees to sustain. |
Domestic violence has increased due to couple having to be locked down and home isolate and home school children. This has been very difficult particularly on working women. |
Provide resources to manage long term health conditions (co-morbidities). |
Awarding of tenders to appropriately qualified service providers for cleaning services. Currently there is corruption and government has not tackled the issue appropriately. |
The German government is considering all/many of these aspects, but finite outcomes are not all certain yet. |
We are all exposed in one way or another until certain factors are determined that make the care, diagnosis, and treatment of said pathology. |
Age is not the criteria. Physical fitness and mental ability. |
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Variable | Category | Distribution N (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 77 (46.7) |
Male | 87 (52.7) | |
Do not wish to say | 1 (0.6) | |
Age | 21–30 | 11(6.7) |
31–40 | 33 (20.0) | |
41–50 | 41 (24.8) | |
51–60 | 40 (24.2) | |
61–70 | 36 (21.8) | |
71–80 | 3 (1.8) | |
>80 | 1 (0.6) | |
Profession | Academics | 36 (21.8) |
Occupational health physicians | 65 (39.4) | |
Occupational hygienist | 27 (16.4) | |
Occupational health researchers | 43 (26.1) | |
Others | 20 (12.1) | |
Continent | Africa | 51 (30.9) |
America | 12 (7.3) | |
Asia | 25 (15.2) | |
Australia | 5 (3.0) | |
Europe | 70 (42.4) |
Responses by Continent/Numbers | 1. Disability (%) | 2. Migrants (%) | 3. Women (%) | 4. Unemployed (%) | 5. Precarious (%) | 6. Informal (%) | 7. Older (%) | 8. Others (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa/50 | 31/50 (62) | 29/50 (58) | 8/50 (16) | 36/50 (72) | 43/50 (86) | 43/50 (86) | 29/50 (58) | 3/50 (6) |
America */12 (North 5, South America 7) | 7/12 (58.3) | 8/12 (66.7) | 2/12 (16.7) | 10/12 (83.3) | 9/12 (75.0) | 10/12 (83.3) | 9/12 (75.0) | 2/12 (16.7) |
Asia/26 | 16/26 (61.5) | 19/26 (73.1) | 2/26 (7.7) | 11/26 (42.3) | 16/26 (61.5) | 15/26 (57.7) | 11/26 (42.3) | 0 (0) |
Europe/65 | 39/65 (60) | 43/65 (66.2) | 19/65 (29.2) | 42/65 (64.6) | 54/65 (83.1) | 39/65 (60) | 37/65 (56.9) | 4/65 (6.2) |
Australia */5 | 4/5 (80) | 4/5 (80) | 2/5 (40) | 1/5 (20) | 4/5 (80) | 2/5 (40) | 3/5 (60) | 0 (0) |
Not specified/7 | ||||||||
Total/165 | 97/165 (61) | 103/165 (64.8) | 33/165 (20.8) | 100/165 (62.9) | 126/165 (79.2) | 109/165 (68.6) | 89/165 (56) | 9/165 (5.7) |
Continent | Participants | Yes | Percent |
---|---|---|---|
Africa | 50 | 31 | 62 |
America | 12 | 12 | 100 |
Asia | 26 | 23 | 88.5 |
Europe | 65 | 40 | 61.5 |
Australia | 5 | 4 | 80 |
Not specified | 7 | ||
Total | 165 | 110 | 66.7 |
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Tamin, J.; Samuel, O.; Suraya, A.; Ebuenyi, I.D.; Naicker, N.; Rajput-Ray, M. Vulnerable Workers and COVID-19: Insights from a Survey of Members of the International Commission for Occupational Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010346
Tamin J, Samuel O, Suraya A, Ebuenyi ID, Naicker N, Rajput-Ray M. Vulnerable Workers and COVID-19: Insights from a Survey of Members of the International Commission for Occupational Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(1):346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010346
Chicago/Turabian StyleTamin, Jacques, Oluranti Samuel, Anna Suraya, Ikenna D. Ebuenyi, Nisha Naicker, and Minha Rajput-Ray. 2021. "Vulnerable Workers and COVID-19: Insights from a Survey of Members of the International Commission for Occupational Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010346