Effects of Small-Sided Recreational Volleyball on Health Markers and Physical Fitness in Middle-Aged Men
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Blood Collection and Analysis
2.4. Physical Fitness
2.5. Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
2.6. Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES)
2.7. Training Intervention
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Biochemical Markers
4.2. Health Markers
4.3. Physical Fitness
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Pretest | Posttest | ES | % Change | p-Value, η2p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | ||||||
RV | 3.58 ± 0.41 | 3.59 ± 0.43 | +0.02 | +0.3% | Group: p = 0.031, η2p: 0.12 Time: p = 0.628, η2p: 0.011 Interaction: p = 0.173, η2p: 0.083 | |
CON | 4.0 ± 0.97 | 4.05 ± 1.06 | +0.05 | +1.3% | ||
HDL (mmol/L) | ||||||
RV | 1.28 ± 0.24 | 1.32 ± 0.24 | +0.17 | +3.1% | Group: p = 0.572, η2p: 0.015 Time: p = 0.410, η2p: 0.031 Interaction: p = 0.810, η2p: 0.003 | |
CON | 1.22 ± 0.24 | 1.28 ± 0.27 | +0.23 | +4.9% | ||
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | ||||||
RV | 1.25 ± 0.46 | 0.92 ± 0.34 | −0.82 | −26.4% | Group: p = 0.058, η2p: 0.154 Time: p = 0.008, η2p: 0.278 Interaction: p = 0.208, η2p: 0.071 | |
CON | 1.47 ± 0.43 | 1.34 ± 0.49 | −0.28 | −8.8% | ||
Glucose (mmol/L) | ||||||
RV | 5.25 ± 0.56 | 4.14 ± 0.63 | −1.86 | −21.1% | Group: p = 0.838, η2p: 0.002 Time: p < 0.001, η2p: 0.580 Interaction: p = 0.693, η2p: 0.007 | |
CON | 5.13 ± 0.83 | 4.18 ± 0.64 | −1.28 | −18.5% | ||
LDL (mmol/L) | ||||||
RV | 2.73 ± 0.31 | 2.53 ± 0.38 | −0.58 | −7.3% | Group: p = 0.813, η2p: 0.003 Time: p < 0.001, η2p: 0.493 Interaction: p = 0.016, η2p: 0.235 | |
CON | 2.63 ± 0.35 | 2.57 ± 0.34 | −0.17 | −2.3% |
Group | Pretest | Posttest | ES | % Change | p-Value, η2p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body weight (kg) | |||||||
RV | 85.42 ± 6.91 | 84.92 ± 6.43 | −0.07 | −0.6% | Group: p = 0.334, η2p: 0.042 Time: p = 0.760, η2p: 0.004 Interaction: p = 0.228, η2p: 0.065 | ||
CON | 87.00 ± 4.31 | 87.83 ± 4.90 | +0.18 | +1.0% | |||
Rest HR (bpm) | |||||||
RV | 67.67 ± 3.65 | 64.83 ± 3.16 | −0.83 | −4.2% | Group: p = 0.135, η2p: 0.09 Time: p < 0.001, η2p: 0.640 Interaction: p = 0.002, η2p: 0.346 | ||
CON | 68.50 ± 2.71 | 67.67 ± 2.23 | −0.33 | −1.2% | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
RV | 25.85 ± 1.74 | 25.72 ± 1.76 | −0.07 | −0.5% | Group: p = 0.958, η2p: 0.000 Time: p = 0.674, η2p: 0.008 Interaction: p = 0.215, η2p: 0.069 | ||
CON | 25.62 ± 1.48 | 25.88 ± 1.39 | +0.18 | +1.0% | |||
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | |||||||
RV | 132.6 ± 10.4 | 129.4 ± 8.2 | −0.34 | −2.4% | Group: p = 0.599, η2p: 0.013 Time: p = 0.039, η2p: 0.179 Interaction: p = 0.061, η2p: 0.150 | ||
CON | 132.9 ± 8.5 | 132.8 ± 7.1 | −0.01 | −0.1% | |||
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | |||||||
RV | 86.42 ± 4.34 | 85.42 ± 4.52 | −0.23 | −1.2% | Group: p = 0.540, η2p: 0.017 Time: p = 0.114, η2p: 0.109 Interaction: p = 0.334, η2p: 0.042 | ||
CON | 87.08 ± 4.38 | 86.83 ± 3.49 | −0.06 | −0.3% |
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Trajković, N.; Sporiš, G.; Krističević, T.; Bogataj, Š. Effects of Small-Sided Recreational Volleyball on Health Markers and Physical Fitness in Middle-Aged Men. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093021
Trajković N, Sporiš G, Krističević T, Bogataj Š. Effects of Small-Sided Recreational Volleyball on Health Markers and Physical Fitness in Middle-Aged Men. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093021
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrajković, Nebojša, Goran Sporiš, Tomislav Krističević, and Špela Bogataj. 2020. "Effects of Small-Sided Recreational Volleyball on Health Markers and Physical Fitness in Middle-Aged Men" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093021