Menopausal Symptoms and Perimenopausal Healthcare-Seeking Behavior in Women Aged 40–60 Years: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey in Shanghai, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sampling
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Symptoms of the Study Population at Different Menopausal Stages
3.3. Healthcare-Seeking Experience for Menopausal Complaints
3.4. Factors Associated with Healthcare-Seeking Behaviors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitation of the Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | n | % |
---|---|---|
Age (mean ± SD) | 51.2 ± 5.80 | |
40–44 | 556 | 17.67 |
45–49 | 568 | 18.05 |
50–54 | 841 | 26.72 |
55–59 | 1182 | 37.56 |
Education | ||
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 348 | 11.06 |
College | 471 | 14.97 |
High school | 1313 | 41.72 |
Junior middle school or lower | 1015 | 32.25 |
Employment status a | ||
Employed | 1524 | 48.81 |
Unemployed/retired | 1598 | 51.19 |
Marital status a | ||
Married | 2813 | 91.54 |
Divorced, unmarried, widowed | 260 | 8.46 |
Average household income (CNY/month) a | ||
≥10,000 | 442 | 14.19 |
5000–9999 | 772 | 24.79 |
3000–4999 | 1053 | 33.82 |
≤2999 | 847 | 27.20 |
Number of family members living together a | ||
1 | 51 | 1.63 |
2 | 712 | 22.73 |
3 | 1543 | 49.27 |
≥4 | 826 | 26.37 |
Health insurance a | ||
Has insurance | 3035 | 97.12 |
No insurance | 90 | 2.88 |
Menopause status a | ||
Pre- | 1036 | 33.13 |
Peri- | 454 | 14.52 |
Post- | 1638 | 52.35 |
Health status of the husband b | ||
Healthy | 2378 | 84.48 |
Has a disease | 435 | 15.46 |
Variables | Premenopausal Stage (n1 = 1020) n (%) | Peri-Menopausal Stage (n2 = 447) n (%) | Postmenopausal Stage (n3 = 1612) n (%) | p | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Menopausal symptoms a | 641 (62.8) | 366 (81.9) | 1268 (78.7) | <0.001 | 2318 (73.8) |
Hot flushes and sweating | 169 (16.57) | 193 (43.18) | 679 (42.12) | <0.001 | 1057 (33.65) |
Sleep disturbance | 197 (19.31) | 135 (30.20) | 517 (32.07) | <0.001 | 863 (27.48) |
Rapid heartbeat | 125 (12.25) | 78 (17.45) | 284 (17.62) | 0.001 | 499 (15.89) |
Emotional disorder | 158 (15.49) | 95 (21.25) | 308 (19.11) | 0.013 | 574 (18.27) |
Sexual dysfunction | 10 (0.98) | 9 (2.01) | 69 (4.28) | <0.001 | 91 (2.90) |
Dysuria or frequent urination | 17 (1.67) | 12 (2.68) | 55 (3.41) | 0.028 | 86 (2.74) |
Uracratia | 7 (0.69) | 17 (3.80) | 53 (3.29) | <0.001 | 79 (2.52) |
Joint ache | 197 (19.31) | 147 (32.89) | 545 (33.81) | <0.001 | 905 (28.81) |
Height decrease | 38 (3.73) | 22 (4.92) | 144 (8.93) | <0.001 | 210 (6.69) |
Bone fracture | 14 (1.37) | 8 (1.79) | 49 (3.04) | 0.016 | 72 (2.29) |
Fatigue | 417 (40.88) | 199 (44.52) | 555 (34.43) | <0.001 | 1196 (38.08) |
mKMI score b | |||||
0–6 | 620 (63.01) | 181 (41.90) | 627 (41.06) | <0.01 | 1542 (51.49) |
7–15 | 277 (28.15) | 157 (36.34) | 559 (36.61) | 1012 (33.79) | |
16–30 | 80 (8.13) | 90 (20.83) | 317 (20.76) | 419 (13.99) | |
≥31 | 7 (0.71) | 4 (0.93) | 24 (1.57) | 22 (7.35) |
Variables | n | % |
---|---|---|
Clinic departments | ||
Internal medicine department | 237 | 39.43 |
Gynecology department | 133 | 22.17 |
Endocrinology department | 60 | 9.98 |
Menopausal department | 51 | 8.49 |
Urology department | 27 | 4.49 |
Other | 258 | 42.93 |
Check-ups | ||
General blood test | 303 | 50.67 |
Electrocardiogram (ECG) | 259 | 43.31 |
B-mode ultrasonography | 258 | 43.14 |
Computed tomography (CT) | 173 | 28.93 |
Bone density | 152 | 25.42 |
Estrogens | 63 | 10.54 |
Others | 51 | 8.53 |
Perimenopausal scales | 24 | 4.01 |
No check-ups | 78 | 13.04 |
Diagnosis | ||
No definite diagnosis | 246 | 42.12 |
Perimenopausal symptoms | 96 | 16.44 |
Perimenopausal syndrome | 71 | 12.16 |
Other | 171 | 29.28 |
Treatment | ||
Traditional Chinese medicine | 173 | 43.58 |
Other drugs | 83 | 20.91 |
Supplements of calcium | 71 | 17.88 |
other | 67 | 16.88 |
Drugs for heart disease | 57 | 14.36 |
Sleeping pills | 42 | 10.58 |
Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) | 15 | 3.78 |
Mental consultation | 8 | 2.02 |
Pelvic surgery | 3 | 0.76 |
Variables | Yes n (%) | No n (%) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Number of participants | 602 | 1637 | |
Age, years | |||
40–44 | 64 (18.60) | 280 (81.40) | <0.001 |
45–49 | 83 (22.07) | 293 (77.93) | |
50–54 | 178 (28.12) | 453 (71.88) | |
55–59 | 277 (31.26) | 608 (68.74) | |
Education | |||
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 52 (21.67) | 189 (78.33) | 0.082 |
College | 82 (24.77) | 246 (75.23) | |
High school | 254 (27.05) | 688 (72.95) | |
Junior middle school or lower | 214 (29.68) | 507 (70.32) | |
Employment | |||
Employed | 230 (21.99) | 816 (78.01) | <0.001 |
Unemployed | 372 (31.18) | 821 (68.82) | |
Marital status | |||
Married | 541 (27.10) | 1455 (72.90) | 0.534 |
Other | 47 (25.00) | 141 (75.00) | |
Average household income (CNY/month) | |||
≥10,000 | 78 (25.66) | 226 (74.34) | 0.744 |
5000–9999 | 142 (26.06) | 403 (73.94) | |
3000–4999 | 196 (27.11) | 527 (72.89) | |
≤2999 | 182 (28.48) | 457 (71.52) | |
Number of family members living together | |||
1 | 7 (19.44) | 29 (80.56) | 0.034 |
2 | 163 (31.17) | 360 (68.83) | |
3 | 263 (24.72) | 801 (75.28) | |
≥4 | 168 (27.81) | 436 (72.19) | |
Health insurance | |||
Has insurance | 579 (26.83) | 1579 (73.17) | 0.454 |
No insurance | 19 (31.15) | 42 (68.85) | |
Menopause status | |||
Pre- | 110 (17.89) | 505 (82.11) | <0.001 |
Peri- | 104 (29.46) | 249 (70.54) | |
Post- | 372 (30.37) | 853 (69.63) | |
KMI | |||
Normal | 143 (20.40) | 558 (79.60) | <0.001 |
Slight | 218 (24.22) | 682 (75.78) | |
Moderate | 204 (39.46) | 313 (60.54) | |
Severe | 11 (52.38) | 10 (47.62) | |
Number of symptoms | |||
1–3 | 421 (23.32) | 1384 (76.68) | <0.001 |
>3 | 181 (41.80) | 252 (58.20) | |
Health status of husband | |||
Healthy | 426 (25.76) | 1228 (74.24) | <0.001 |
Has disease | 123 (35.45) | 224 (64.55) | |
Total | 471 (29.64) | 1118 (70.36) |
Independent Variables | Comparative Group | Control Group | OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Employment | Unemployment | Employment | 1.445 (1.133–1.842) | 0.003 |
Number of symptoms | More than 4 symptoms | 0–3 symptoms | 2.12 (1.493–3.021) | <0.001 |
Menopause status | Peri- | Pre- | 1.621 (1.165–2.256) | 0.018 |
Post- | 1.356 (1.010–1.821) | 0.611 | ||
KMI group | Mild | Normal | 1.140 (0.889–1.462) | 0.253 |
Moderate | 3.041 (1.211–7.632) | 0.018 | ||
Severe | 4.654 (2.389–9.067) | 0.004 | ||
Health status of the husband | Unhealthy | Healthy | 1.403 (1.078–1.828) | 0.012 |
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Du, L.; Xu, B.; Huang, C.; Zhu, L.; He, N. Menopausal Symptoms and Perimenopausal Healthcare-Seeking Behavior in Women Aged 40–60 Years: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey in Shanghai, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082640
Du L, Xu B, Huang C, Zhu L, He N. Menopausal Symptoms and Perimenopausal Healthcare-Seeking Behavior in Women Aged 40–60 Years: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(8):2640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082640
Chicago/Turabian StyleDu, Li, Biao Xu, Cheng Huang, Liping Zhu, and Na He. 2020. "Menopausal Symptoms and Perimenopausal Healthcare-Seeking Behavior in Women Aged 40–60 Years: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey in Shanghai, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082640
APA StyleDu, L., Xu, B., Huang, C., Zhu, L., & He, N. (2020). Menopausal Symptoms and Perimenopausal Healthcare-Seeking Behavior in Women Aged 40–60 Years: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082640