Environmental Distribution of AR Class 1 Integrons in Upper Adige River Catchment (Northern Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Set-Up
2.2. Sampling Procedure
2.3. DNA Extraction and Quantification
2.4. PCR Amplifications
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Intl1 Detection in Agricultural Channels and Apple Orchards
3.2. Intl1 Detection in Urban Channels
3.3. Intl1 Detection in Forest Soil, Leaf-Litter Samples and Post-Glacial Sediments
3.4. Gene Cassettes Detection
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Site | Location | GPS | Land Use Matrix | N. of Samples |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AGR1 | Mori | Rio Cameras Channel | 45°51′8.53″N 10°57′53.56″E | Agricultural sediments | 4 |
MO | Mori | Rio Cameras Channel | 45°51′17.43″N 10°59′12.57″E | Urban sediments | 4 |
RO | Rovereto | Leno Stream | 45°52′51.38″N 11° 1′20.54″E | Urban sediments | 4 |
TRE | Trento | Fersina Stream | 46°2′38.80″N 11° 7′6.39″E | Urban sediments | 3 |
AGR2 | Mezzolombardo | Noce River | 46°13′8.19″N 11° 6′6.42″E | Agricultural sediments | 3 |
AGR3 | Ora-Auer | Lusina Channel | 46°21′24.91″N 11°17′55.99″E | Agricultural sediments | 3 |
BO | Bolzano | Talvera Stream | 46°29′40.73″N 11°20′52.20″E | Urban sediments | 3 |
CA | Caldaro-Kaltern | Apple orchard | 46°21′18.44″N 11°16′36.81″E | Agricultural soil and rhizosphere | 3 |
ME1 | Sporminore | Apple orchard | 46°14′13.38″N 11° 2′23.03″E | Agricultural soil | 3 |
ME2 | Sporminore | Apple orchard | 46°14′12.63″N 11° 2′18.88″E | Agricultural soil | 3 |
ME3 | Ora-Auer | Apple orchard | 46°21′29.65″N 11°18′3.79″E | Agricultural soil | 3 |
ME4 | Ora-Auer | Apple orchard | 46°21′32.14″N 11°18′4.97″E | Agricultural soil | 3 |
MON1 | Monticolo-Montiggl | Oak forest | 46°25′28.78″N 11°17′7.35″E | Oak rhizosphere | 26 |
MON2 | Monticolo-Montiggl | Oak forest | 46°25′28.78″N 11°17′7.35″E | Fresh leaf litter | 20 |
VAL | Val di Mazia-Matschertal | Glacier moraine | 46°46′30.00″N 10°41′46.00″E | High mountain rhizosphere | 36 |
Land Use | Site | Matrix | N. of Samples 1 | Intl1 Region n. of Bands | N. of Samples 2 | Gene Cassette n. of Bands | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||||
Vineyard | Mori | Sediments | 4 | 2 | 2(++) | - | - | 2 | - | 2(+) | - | - |
Vineyard | Mezzolombardo | Sediments | 3 | 2 | 1(++) | - | - | 1 | - | 1(+) | - | - |
Apple orchard | Ora-Auer | Sediments | 3 | 2 | 1(+) | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
Apple orchard | Caldaro-Kaltern | Rhizosphere and soil | 35 | 35 | - | - | - | None | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
Apple orchard | Val di Non | Soil | 6 | 3 | 2(+) | - | 1(+) | None | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
Apple orchard | Ora-Auer | Soil | 6 | 3 | 2(+) | 2(+) | - | 1 | - | 1(+) | - | - |
Urban | Mori | Sediments | 4 | - | 3(++); 1(+++) | - | - | 4 | - | - | 4(++) | n.a. |
Urban | Rovereto | Sediments | 4 | 3 | 1(+) | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
Urban | Trento | Sediments | 3 | 2 | 1(+) | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
Urban | Bolzano | Sediments | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | None | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
Forest | Monticolo-Montiggl | Rhizosphere | 26 | 14 | 10(+) | 2(+) | - | 6 | - | 1(+); 1(++) | 4(++) | - |
Pristine | Val di Mazia-Matschertal | Mineral soil | 36 | 32 | 4(+) | - | - | 4 | - | 4(+) | - | - |
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Share and Cite
Piergiacomo, F.; Borruso, L.; Ciccazzo, S.; Rizzi, S.; Zerbe, S.; Brusetti, L. Environmental Distribution of AR Class 1 Integrons in Upper Adige River Catchment (Northern Italy). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072336
Piergiacomo F, Borruso L, Ciccazzo S, Rizzi S, Zerbe S, Brusetti L. Environmental Distribution of AR Class 1 Integrons in Upper Adige River Catchment (Northern Italy). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7):2336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072336
Chicago/Turabian StylePiergiacomo, Federica, Luigimaria Borruso, Sonia Ciccazzo, Stefano Rizzi, Stefan Zerbe, and Lorenzo Brusetti. 2020. "Environmental Distribution of AR Class 1 Integrons in Upper Adige River Catchment (Northern Italy)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072336