Systematic Review of Peer-Reviewed Literature on Global Condom Promotion Programs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Overall | AYA Population | Other Populations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Product Promoted | N | Percent | N | Percent | N | Percent |
Male Condom | 80 | 81% | 30 | 86% | 50 | 78% |
Female Condom | 9 | 9% | 2 | 6% | 7 | 11% |
Both | 10 | 10% | 3 | 9% | 7 | 11% |
Year of Publication | N | Percent | N | Percent | N | Percent |
2000 to 2009 | 45 | 45% | 20 | 57% | 25 | 39% |
2010 to 2019 | 54 | 55% | 15 | 43% | 39 | 61% |
Region | N | Percent | N | Percent | N | Percent |
Sub-Sahara African | 38 | 38% | 10 | 29% | 28 | 44% |
US/Canada | 27 | 27% | 14 | 40% | 13 | 20% |
India | 8 | 8% | 0 | 0% | 8 | 13% |
Latin America | 7 | 7% | 2 | 6% | 5 | 8% |
Western Europe | 5 | 5% | 3 | 9% | 2 | 3% |
South East Asia | 5 | 5% | 3 | 9% | 2 | 3% |
East Asia | 4 | 4% | 1 | 3% | 3 | 5% |
India sub-continent | 2 | 2% | 0 | 0% | 2 | 3% |
Oceania | 4 | 4% | 4 | 11% | 0 | 0% |
Central Asia | 1 | 1% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 2% |
Middle East and North Africa | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Eastern/Southern Europe | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Marketing Channels | Overall | AYA Population | Other Populations | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Percent | N | Percent | N | Percent | |
Reported channels of dissemination | 74 | 75% | 25 | 71% | 49 | 77% |
Reported mass media channels | 51 | 52% | 23 | 66% | 28 | 44% |
Mass media channels mentioned | ||||||
TV | 19 | 19% | 9 | 26% | 10 | 16% |
Radio | 33 | 33% | 14 | 40% | 19 | 30% |
22 | 22% | 11 | 31% | 11 | 17% | |
Outdoor | 32 | 32% | 13 | 37% | 19 | 30% |
Digital | 7 | 7% | 3 | 9% | 4 | 6% |
Point of Sale/Location | 16 | 16% | 9 | 26% | 7 | 11% |
Other | 1 | 1% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 2% |
Other dissemination channels | ||||||
Earned Media | 2 | 2% | 1 | 3% | 1 | 2% |
Community Outreach | 44 | 44% | 16 | 46% | 28 | 44% |
Community Mobilization | 15 | 15% | 6 | 17% | 9 | 14% |
Health Care Providers | 25 | 25% | 8 | 23% | 17 | 27% |
Mobile | 2 | 2% | 1 | 3% | 1 | 2% |
Social Media | 4 | 4% | 1 | 3% | 3 | 5% |
Other | 4 | 4% | 2 | 6% | 2 | 3% |
Other Marketing Techniques | ||||||
Audience Segmentation | 21 | 21% | 11 | 31% | 10 | 16% |
Message Tailoring | 10 | 10% | 6 | 17% | 4 | 6% |
Educational Entertainment | 9 | 9% | 5 | 14% | 4 | 6% |
Other | 7 | 7% | 3 | 9% | 4 | 6% |
Coding Category | Overall | Youth and Young Adults | Other Populations | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Percent | N | Percent | N | Percent | |
Scientific Theory Mentioned | 42 | 42% | 22 | 63% | 20 | 31% |
Type of Theory Mentioned | ||||||
Psychological | 29 | 29% | 16 | 46% | 13 | 20% |
Communication | 5 | 5% | 3 | 9% | 2 | 3% |
Marketing | 19 | 19% | 7 | 20% | 12 | 19% |
Other | 1 | 1% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 2% |
Formative Research Mentioned | 33 | 33% | 18 | 51% | 15 | 23% |
Type of Formative Research Mentioned | ||||||
Focus Groups | 13 | 13% | 8 | 23% | 5 | 8% |
Individual Interviews | 7 | 7% | 3 | 9% | 4 | 6% |
Quantitative Research | 7 | 7% | 3 | 9% | 4 | 6% |
Other | 4 | 4% | 4 | 11% | 0 | 0% |
Marketing P’s | ||||||
Product | 66 | 67% | 22 | 63% | 44 | 69% |
Price | 49 | 49% | 19 | 54% | 30 | 47% |
Place | 74 | 75% | 26 | 74% | 48 | 75% |
Promotion | 82 | 83% | 26 | 74% | 56 | 88% |
Coding Category | Overall | AYA Population | Other Populations | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Percent | N | Percent | N | Percent | |
Described Sample | 81 | 82% | 28 | 80% | 53 | 83% |
Describe Sample Size | 76 | 77% | 25 | 71% | 51 | 80% |
Describe Sample Characteristics | 69 | 70% | 23 | 66% | 46 | 72% |
Reported Response Rate | 18 | 18% | 7 | 20% | 11 | 17% |
Research Design | ||||||
Not Reported | 4 | 4% | 2 | 6% | 2 | 3% |
Experimental | 23 | 23% | 10 | 29% | 13 | 20% |
Quasi-Experimental | 16 | 16% | 5 | 14% | 11 | 17% |
Observational | 56 | 57% | 18 | 51% | 38 | 59% |
Statistics Reported | ||||||
Not Reported | 6 | 6% | 4 | 11% | 2 | 3% |
Descriptive | 35 | 35% | 12 | 34% | 23 | 36% |
Multivariate | 57 | 58% | 19 | 54% | 38 | 59% |
Path Analysis | 1 | 1% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 2% |
Stated Objectives | ||||||
Product/Awareness or Reaction | 42 | 42% | 21 | 60% | 21 | 33% |
Condom Use Pre-Behavioral Objectives | 55 | 56% | 24 | 69% | 31 | 48% |
Condom Use Behavioral Objectives | 56 | 57% | 23 | 66% | 33 | 52% |
Sales/Distribution | 13 | 13% | 1 | 3% | 12 | 19% |
Outcomes Reported | ||||||
Product/Awareness or Reaction | 52 | 53% | 18 | 51% | 34 | 53% |
Condom Use Pre-Behavioral Outcomes | 67 | 68% | 28 | 80% | 39 | 61% |
Condom Use Behavioral Outcomes | 66 | 67% | 25 | 71% | 41 | 64% |
Sales/Distribution | 24 | 24% | 5 | 14% | 19 | 30% |
Coding Category | Overall | Youth and Young Adults | Other Populations | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Percent | N | Percent | N | Percent | |
Product/Awareness or Reaction | 37 | 37% | 9 | 26% | 28 | 44% |
Condom Use Pre-Behavioral Outcomes | 57 | 58% | 25 | 71% | 32 | 50% |
Condom Use Behavioral Outcomes | 56 | 57% | 19 | 54% | 37 | 58% |
Sales/Distribution | 23 | 23% | 5 | 14% | 18 | 28% |
Intermediate outcomes by Intervention Characteristics | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coding category | Overall | Youth and Young Adults | Other Populations | ||||||
N | Percent Reported Outcome | Percent Significant Effect | N | Percent Reported Outcome | Percent Significant Effect | N | Percent Reported Outcome | Percent Significant Effect | |
Product Promoted | |||||||||
Male Condom | 80 | 71% | 86% | 30 | 87% | 89% | 50 | 62% | 84% |
Female Condom | 9 | 56% | 60% | 2 | 50% | 100% | 7 | 57% | 50% |
Both | 10 | 50% | 60% | 3 | 33% | 0% | 7 | 57% | 75% |
Year of Publication | |||||||||
2000 to 2009 | 45 | 69% | 87% | 20 | 80% | 88% | 25 | 60% | 87% |
2010 to 2019 | 54 | 67% | 78% | 15 | 80% | 83% | 39 | 62% | 75% |
Reported Mass Media Channels | 51 | 78% | 90% | 23 | 83% | 90% | 28 | 75% | 91% |
Scientific Theory Mentioned | 42 | 86% | 86% | 22 | 91% | 85% | 20 | 80% | 88% |
Formative Research Mentioned | 33 | 70% | 70% | 18 | 67% | 67% | 15 | 73% | 73% |
Marketing P’s | |||||||||
Product | 66 | 70% | 80% | 22 | 82% | 78% | 44 | 64% | 82% |
Price | 49 | 76% | 81% | 19 | 79% | 73% | 30 | 73% | 86% |
Place | 74 | 65% | 85% | 26 | 77% | 80% | 48 | 58% | 89% |
Promotion | 82 | 73% | 83% | 26 | 100% | 78% | 56 | 61% | 82% |
Sample | 99 | 68% | 85% | 35 | 80% | 89% | 64 | 61% | 82% |
Behavioral Outcomes by Intervention Characteristic | |||||||||
Coding category | Overall | Youth and Young Adults | Other Populations | ||||||
N | Percent Reported Outcome | Percent Significant Effect | N | Percent Reported Outcome | Percent Significant Effect | N | Percent Reported Outcome | Percent Significant Effect | |
Product Promoted | |||||||||
Male Condom | 80 | 68% | 82% | 30 | 73% | 68% | 50 | 64% | 91% |
Female Condom | 9 | 67% | 67% | 2 | 100% | 100% | 7 | 57% | 50% |
Both | 10 | 60% | 83% | 3 | 33% | 100% | 7 | 71% | 80% |
Year of Publication | |||||||||
2000 to 2009 | 45 | 73% | 79% | 20 | 70% | 79% | 25 | 76% | 79% |
2010 to 2019 | 54 | 61% | 82% | 15 | 73% | 64% | 39 | 56% | 91% |
Reported Mass Media Channels | 51 | 78% | 80% | 23 | 78% | 72% | 28 | 79% | 86% |
Scientific Theory Mentioned | 42 | 81% | 82% | 22 | 82% | 83% | 20 | 80% | 81% |
Formative Research Mentioned | 33 | 67% | 77% | 18 | 67% | 83% | 15 | 67% | 70% |
Marketing P’s | |||||||||
Product | 66 | 71% | 81% | 22 | 82% | 78% | 44 | 66% | 83% |
Price | 49 | 78% | 79% | 19 | 79% | 73% | 30 | 77% | 83% |
Place | 74 | 68% | 84% | 26 | 73% | 79% | 48 | 65% | 87% |
Promotion | 82 | 71% | 83% | 26 | 88% | 78% | 56 | 63% | 86% |
Sample | 99 | 67% | 85% | 35 | 71% | 76% | 64 | 64% | 84% |
Awareness Outcomes by Intervention Characteristics | |||||||||
Coding category | Overall | Youth and Young Adults | Other Populations | ||||||
N | Percent Reported Outcome | Percent Significant Effect | N | Percent Reported Outcome | Percent Significant Effect | N | Percent Reported Outcome | Percent Significant Effect | |
Product Promoted | |||||||||
Male Condom | 80 | 51% | 68% | 30 | 50% | 47% | 50 | 52% | 81% |
Female Condom | 9 | 56% | 80% | 2 | 50% | 0% | 7 | 57% | 100% |
Both | 10 | 60% | 67% | 3 | 67% | 50% | 7 | 57% | 75% |
Year of Publication | |||||||||
2000 to 2009 | 45 | 47% | 62% | 20 | 35% | 29% | 25 | 56% | 79% |
2010 to 2019 | 54 | 57% | 74% | 15 | 73% | 55% | 39 | 51% | 85% |
Reported Mass Media Channels | 51 | 57% | 76% | 23 | 48% | 55% | 28 | 64% | 89% |
Scientific Theory Mentioned | 42 | 64% | 63% | 22 | 50% | 46% | 20 | 80% | 75% |
Formative Research Mentioned | 33 | 52% | 59% | 18 | 56% | 50% | 15 | 47% | 71% |
Marketing P’s | |||||||||
Product | 66 | 62% | 73% | 22 | 55% | 50% | 44 | 66% | 83% |
Price | 49 | 63% | 74% | 19 | 53% | 50% | 30 | 70% | 86% |
Place | 74 | 57% | 74% | 26 | 54% | 50% | 48 | 58% | 86% |
Promotion | 82 | 55% | 71% | 26 | 65% | 47% | 56 | 50% | 86% |
Sample | 99 | 53% | 71% | 35 | 51% | 50% | 64 | 53% | 82% |
Sales outcomes by Intervention Characteristics | |||||||||
Coding category | Overall | Youth and Young Adults | Other Populations | ||||||
N | Percent Reported Outcome | Percent Significant Effect | N | Percent Reported Outcome | Percent Significant Effect | N | Percent Reported Outcome | Percent Significant Effect | |
Product Promoted | |||||||||
Male Condom | 80 | 25% | 90% | 30 | 13% | 100% | 50 | 32% | 88% |
Female Condom | 9 | 0% | NA | 2 | 0% | NA | 7 | 0% | NA |
Both | 10 | 40% | 100% | 3 | 33% | 100% | 7 | 43% | 100% |
Year of Publication | |||||||||
2000 to 2009 | 45 | 16% | 86% | 20 | 10% | 100% | 25 | 20% | 67% |
2010 to 2019 | 54 | 31% | 94% | 15 | 20% | 100% | 39 | 36% | 91% |
Reported Mass Media Channels | 51 | 22% | 100% | 23 | 17% | 100% | 28 | 25% | 100% |
Scientific Theory Mentioned | 42 | 12% | 80% | 22 | 5% | 100% | 20 | 20% | 75% |
Formative Research Mentioned | 33 | 12% | 75% | 18 | 11% | 100% | 15 | 13% | 50% |
Marketing P’s | |||||||||
Product | 66 | 20% | 85% | 22 | 9% | 100% | 44 | 25% | 82% |
Price | 49 | 27% | 92% | 19 | 16% | 100% | 30 | 33% | 90% |
Place | 74 | 30% | 91% | 26 | 19% | 100% | 48 | 35% | 88% |
Promotion | 82 | 20% | 94% | 26 | 12% | 100% | 56 | 23% | 92% |
Sample | 99 | 24% | 96% | 35 | 14% | 100% | 64 | 30% | 90% |
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Evans, W.D.; Ulasevich, A.; Hatheway, M.; Deperthes, B. Systematic Review of Peer-Reviewed Literature on Global Condom Promotion Programs. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072262
Evans WD, Ulasevich A, Hatheway M, Deperthes B. Systematic Review of Peer-Reviewed Literature on Global Condom Promotion Programs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7):2262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072262
Chicago/Turabian StyleEvans, William D., Alec Ulasevich, Megan Hatheway, and Bidia Deperthes. 2020. "Systematic Review of Peer-Reviewed Literature on Global Condom Promotion Programs" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072262
APA StyleEvans, W. D., Ulasevich, A., Hatheway, M., & Deperthes, B. (2020). Systematic Review of Peer-Reviewed Literature on Global Condom Promotion Programs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072262