Active Travel of Czech and Polish Adolescents in Relation to Their Well-Being: Support for Physical Activity and Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Settings
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Subjective Estimation of Weekly PA
2.2.2. Subjective Estimation of Sedentary Behaviours (Passive Commuting and Sitting)
2.2.3. Self-Reported Well-Being
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethical Statement
3. Results
3.1. The Associations Between Active Travel and Well-Being
3.2. The Association Between Active Travel Recommendation and Well-Being
3.3. Odds of Meeting the Weekly PA Recommendations According to Meeting the Active Travel Recommendations and Level of Well-Being
3.4. The Associations Between Sedentary Behaviour (Commuting and Sitting) and Well-Being
4. Discussion
4.1. The Active Travel Recommendation and Well-Being in the Structure of the Weekly PA
4.2. The Association Between Active Travel and Well-Being
4.3. The Associations Between Sedentary Behaviour and Well-Being
4.4. Active Travel in the Context of the Policy
4.5. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Booth, V.M.; Rowlands, A.V.; Dollman, J. Physical activity temporal trends among children and adolescents. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2015, 18, 418–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dygrýn, J.; Mitáš, J.; Gába, A.; Rubín, L.; Frömel, K. Changes in active commuting to school in Czech adolescents in different types of built environment across a 10-year period. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 12988–12998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Denstel, K.N.; Beals, K.; Bolling, C.; Wright, C.; Crouter, S.E.; McKenzie, T.L.; Pate, R.R.; Saelens, B.E.; Staiano, A.E.; et al. Results from the United States of America’s 2016 Report card on physical activity for children and youth. J. Phys. Act. Health 2016, 13, S307–S313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rothman, L.; Macpherson, A.K.; Ross, T.; Buliung, R.N. The decline in active school transportation (AST): A systematic review of the factors related to AST and changes in school transport over time in North America. Prev. Med. 2018, 111, 314–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ton, D.; Duives, D.C.; Cats, O.; Hoogendoorn-Lanser, S.; Hoogendoorn, S.P. Cycling or walking? Determinants of mode choice in the Netherlands. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract. 2019, 123, 7–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burns, R.D.; Pfledderer, C.D.; Brusseau, T.A. Active transport, not device use, associates with self-reported school week physical activity in adolescents. Behav. Sci. 2019, 9, 32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mandic, S.; Hopkins, D.; Bengoechea, E.G.; Flaherty, C.; Williams, J.; Sloane, L.; Moore, A.; Spence, J.C. Adolescents’ perceptions of cycling versus walking to school: Understanding the New Zealand context. J. Transp. Health 2017, 4, 294–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez, K.; Olabarria, M.; Rojas-Rueda, D.; Santamariňa-Rubio, E.; Borrell, C.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M. The health and economic benefits of active transport policies in Barcelona. J. Transp. Health 2017, 4, 316–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Larouche, R.; Faulkner, G.E.J.; Fortier, M.; Tremblay, M.S. Active transportation and adolescents’ health: The Canadian Health Measures Survey. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2014, 46, 507–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mueller, N.; Rojas-Rueda, D.; Cole-Hunter, T.; de Nazelle, A.; Dons, E.; Gerike, R.; Götschi, T.; Panis, L.I.; Kahlmeier, S.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M. Health impact assessment of active transportation: A systematic review. Prev. Med. 2015, 76, 103–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rojas-Rueda, D.; de Nazelle, A.; Andersen, Z.J.; Braun-Fahrländer, C.; Bruha, J.; Bruhova-Foltynova, H.; Desqueyroux, H.; Praznoczy, C.; Ragettli, M.S.; Tainio, M.; et al. Health impacts of active transportation in Europe. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0149990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fang, K.; Handy, S. Skateboarding for transportation: Exploring the factors behind an unconventional mode choice among university skateboard commuters. Transportation 2019, 46, 263–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aubert, S.; Barnes, J.D.; Abdeta, C.; Nader, P.A.; Adeniyi, A.F.; Agular-Farias, N.; Tenesaca, D.S.A.; Bhawra, J.; Brazo-Sayavera, J.; Cardon, G.; et al. Global Matrix 3.0 Physical activity report card grades for children and youth: Results and analysis from 49 countries. J. Phys. Act. Health 2018, 15, S251–S273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- McGrath, L.J.; Hopkins, W.G.; Hinckson, E.A. Associations of objectively measured built-environment attributes with youth moderate–vigorous physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015, 45, 841–865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carver, A.; Timperio, A.F.; Hesketh, K.D.; Ridgers, N.D.; Salmon, J.L.; Crawford, D.A. How is active transport associated with children’s and adolescents’ physical activity over time? Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2011, 8, 126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dumith, S.C.; Gigante, D.P.; Domingues, M.R.; Kohl III, H.W. Physical activity change during adolescence: A systematic review and a pooled analysis. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2011, 40, 685–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Lee, I.-M.; Martin, C.K.; Blair, S.N. Epidemiology of physical activity and exercise training in the United States. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2017, 60, 3–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- WHO. Regional Office for Europe. Physical Activity in Adolescents. 2016. Available online: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/303480/HBSC-No.7_factsheet_Physical.pdf?ua=1 (accessed on 22 March 2019).
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. 2010. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/healthy_people/hp2020.htm (accessed on 22 March 2019).
- Easton, S.; Ferrari, E. Children’s travel to school—The interaction of individual, neighbourhood and school factors. Transp. Policy 2015, 44, 9–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Garnham-Lee, K.P.; Falconer, C.L.; Sherar, L.B.; Taylor, I.M. Evidence of moderation effects in predicting active transport to school. J. Public Health 2016, 39, 153–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rodríguez-López, C.; Salas-Fariňa, Z.M.; Villa-González, E.; Borges-Cosic, M.; Herrador-Colmenero, M.; Medina-Casaubón, J.; Ortega, F.B.; Chillón, P. The threshold distance associated with walking from home to school. Health Educ. Behav. 2017, 44, 857–866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chillón, P.; Panter, J.; Corder, K.; Jones, A.P.; Van Sluijs, E.M.F. A longitudinal study of the distance that young people walk to school. Health Place 2015, 31, 133–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duncan, S.; White, K.; Mavoa, S.; Steward, T.; Hinckson, E.; Schofield, G. Active transport, physical activity, and distance between home and school in children and adolescents. J. Phys. Act. Health 2016, 13, 447–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hubáčková, R.; Groffik, D.; Skrzypnik, L.; Frömel, K. Physical activity and inactivity in primary and secondary school boys’ and girls’ daily program. Acta Gymnica 2016, 46, 193–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mitáš, J.; Sas-Nowosielski, K.; Groffik, D.; Frömel, K. The safety of the neighborhood environment and physical activity in Czech and Polish adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gropp, K.; Janssen, I.; Pickett, W. Active transportation to school in Canadian youth: Should injury be a concern? Inj. Prev. 2013, 19, 64–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Denstel, K.D.; Broyles, S.T.; Larouche, R.; Sarmiento, O.L.; Barreira, T.V.; Chaput, J.-P.; Church, T.S.; Fogelholm, M.; Hu, G.; Kuriyan, R.; et al. Active school transport and weekday physical activity in 9–11-year-old children from 12 countries. Int. J. Obes. Suppl. 2015, 5, S100–S106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Aparicio-Ugarriza, R.; Mielgo-Ayuso, J.; Ruiz, E.; Ávila, J.M.; Aranceta-Bartrina, J.; Gil, Á.; Ortega, R.M.; Serra-Majem, L.; Varela-Moreiras, G.; González-Gross, M. Active commuting, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors in children and adolescents from Spain: Findings from the ANIBES Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sirard, J.R.; Slater, M.E. Walking and bicycling to school: A review. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 2008, 2, 372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pucher, J.; Buehler, R. At the frontiers of cycling: Policy innovations in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany. World Transp. Pol. Pract. 2007, 13, 8–57. [Google Scholar]
- Molina-Garcia, J.; Garcia-Massó, X.; Estevan, I.; Queralt, A. Built environment, psychosocial factors and active commuting to school in adolescents: Clustering a self-organizing map analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lubans, D.R.; Plotnikoff, R.C.; Lubans, N.J. Review: A systematic review of the impact of physical activity programmes on social and emotional well-being in at-risk youth. Child Adolesc. Ment. Health 2012, 17, 2–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doré, I.; Sylvester, B.; Sabiston, C.; Sylvestre, M.-P.; O’Loughlin, J.; Brunet, J.; Bélanger, M. Mechanisms underpinning the association between physical activity and mental health in adolescence: A 6-year study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2020, 17, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sallis, J.F.; Owen, N.; Fisher, E.B. Ecological models of health behaviour. In Health Behavior and Health Education. Theory, Research and Practice, 4th ed.; Glanz, K., Rimer, B.K., Viswanath, K., Eds.; Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2008; Volume 20, pp. 465–485. [Google Scholar]
- Durayappah, A. The 3P model: A general theory of subjective well-being. J. Happiness Stud. 2011, 12, 681–716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Craig, C.L.; Marshall, A.L.; Sjöström, M.; Bauman, A.E.; Booth, M.L.; Ainsworth, B.E.; Pratt, M.; Ekelung, U.; Yngve, A.; Sallis, J.F.; et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2003, 35, 1381–1395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bauman, A.; Ainsworth, B.E.; Sallis, J.F.; Hagströmer, M.; Craig, C.L.; Bull, F.C.; Pratt, M.; Venugopal, K.; Chau, J.; Sjöström, M.; et al. The descriptive epidemiology of sitting. A 20-country comparison using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Am. J. Prev. Med. 2011, 41, 228–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hagströmer, M.; Bergman, P.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Ortega, F.B.; Ruiz, J.R.; Manios, Y.; Rey-López, J.P.; Phillipp, K.; von Berlepsch, J.; Sjöström, M.; et al. Concurrent validity of a modified version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-A) in European adolescents: The HELENA Study. Int. J. Obes. 2008, 32, S42–S48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ottevaere, C.; Huybrechts, I.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Sjöström, M.; Ruiz, J.R.; Ortega, F.B.; Hagströmer, M.; Widhalm, K.; Molnár, D.; Moreno, L.A.; et al. Comparison of the IPAQ-A and Actigraph in relation to VO2max among European adolescents: The HELENA study. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2011, 14, 317–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cull, A.; Sprangers, M.; Bjordal, K.; Aaronson, N.; West, K.; Bottomley, A. EORTC Quality of Life Group Translation Procedure, 2nd ed.; EORTC Quality of Life Unit: Brussels, Belgium, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Fromel, K.; Kudlacek, M.; Groffik, D.; Svozil, Z.; Simunek, A.; Garbaciak, W. Promoting healthy lifestyle and well-being in adolescents through outdoor physical activity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cerin, E.; Cain, K.L.; Oyeymi, A.L.; Owen, N.; Conway, T.L.; Cochrane, T.; Van Dyck, D.; Schipperijn, J.; Mitas, J.; Toftager, M.; et al. Correlates of agreement between accelerometry and self-reported physical activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2016, 48, 1075–1084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd ed.; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Washington, DC, USA, 2018.
- Kohl, H.W., 3rd; Craig, C.L.; Lambert, E.V.; Inoue, S.; Alkandari, J.R.; Leetongin, G.; Kahlmeier, S. The pandemic of physical inactivity: Global action for public health. Lancet 2012, 380, 294–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Slingerland, M.; Borghouts, L.B.; Hesselink, M.K.C. Physical activity energy expenditure in Dutch adolescents: Contribution of active transport to school, physical education, and leisure time activities. J. Sch. Health 2012, 82, 225–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Valois, R.F.; Zullig, K.J.; Huebner, E.S.; Drane, J.W. Physical activity behaviors and perceived life satisfaction among public high school adolescents. J. Sch. Health 2004, 74, 59–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- González-Carrasco, M.; Casas, F.; Malo, S.; Viňas, F.; Dinisman, T. Changes with age in subjective well-being through the adolescent years: Differences by gender. J. Happiness Stud. 2017, 18, 63–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eddolls, W.T.B.; McNarry, M.A.; Lester, L.; Winn, C.O.N.; Stratton, G.; Mackintosh, K.A. The association between physical activity, fitness and body mass index on mental well-being and quality of life in adolescents. Qual. Life Res. 2018, 27, 2313–2320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiium, N.; Säfvenbom, R. Participation in organized sports and self-organized physical activity: Associations with developmental factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Greenleaf, C.; Boyer, E.M.; Petrie, T.A. High school sport participation and subsequent psychological well-being and physical activity: The mediating influences of body image, physical competence, and instrumentality. Sex Roles 2009, 61, 714–726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, H.; Wen, L.M.; Rissel, C. The relationships between active transport to work or school and cardiovascular health or body weight: A systematic review. Asia Pac. J. Public Health 2013, 25, 298–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.; Liu, Y.; Tao, F.-B. Associations between active commuting to school, body fat, and mental well-being: Population-based, cross-sectional study in China. J. Adolesc. Health 2015, 57, 679–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruiz-Ariza, A.; de la Torre-Cruz, M.J.; Redecillas-Peiró, M.T.; Martínez-López, E.J. Influence of active commuting on happiness, well-being, psychological distress and body shape in adolescents. Gac. Sanit. 2015, 29, 454–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Martínez-López, E.J.; Hita-Contreras, F.; Moral-García, J.E.; Grao-Cruces, A.; Ruiz, J.R.; Redecillas-Peiró, M.T.; Martínez-Amat, A. Association of low weekly physical activity and sedentary lifestyle with self-perceived health, pain, and well-being in a Spanish teenage population. Sci. Sports 2015, 30, 342–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gill, D.L.; Chang, Y.-K.; Murphy, K.M.; Speed, K.M.; Hammond, C.C.; Rodriguez, E.A.; Lyu, M.; Shang, Y.-T. Quality of life assessment for physical activity and health promotion. Appl. Res. Qual. Life 2011, 6, 181–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bowler, D.E.; Buyung-Ali, L.M.; Knight, T.M.; Pullin, A.S. A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments. BMC Public Health 2010, 10, 456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Coon, J.T.; Boddy, K.; Stein, K.; Whear, R.; Barton, J.; Depledge, M.H. Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 1761–1772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Larouche, R.; Mammen, G.; Rowe, D.A.; Faulkner, G. Effectiveness of active school transport interventions: A systematic review and update. BMC Public Health 2018, 18, 206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Verhoeven, H.; Ghekiere, A.; Van Cauwenberg, J.; Van Dyck, D.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Clarys, P.; Deforche, B. Which physical and social environmental factors are most important for adolescents’ cycling for transport? An experimental study using manipulated photographs. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2017, 14, 108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Larsen, L.R.; Troelsen, J.; Kirkegaard, K.L.; Riiskjær, S.; Krølner, R.; Østergaard, L.; Kristensen, P.L.; Møller, N.C.; Christensen, B.F.N.; Jensen, J.-O.; et al. Results from Denmark’s 2016 report card on physical activity for children and youth. J. Phys. Act. Health 2016, 13, S137–S142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Elinder, L.S.; Sundblom, E.; Rosendahl, K.I. Low physical activity is a predictor of thinness and low self-rated health: Gender differences in a Swedish cohort. J. Adolesc. Health 2011, 48, 481–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Breidablik, H.J.; Meland, E.; Lydersen, S. Self-rated health during adolescence: Stability and predictors of change (Young-HUNT study, Norway). Eur. J. Public Health 2009, 19, 73–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villa-González, E.; Barranco-Ruiz, Y.; Evenson, K.R.; Chillón, P. Systematic review of interventions for promoting active school transport. Prev. Med. 2018, 111, 115–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, S.; Gu, X. Toward active living: Comprehensive school physical activity program research and implications. Quest 2018, 70, 191–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sallis, J.F.; Bull, F.; Guthold, R.; Heath, G.W.; Inoue, S.; Kelly, P.; Oyeyemi, A.L.; Perez, L.G.; Richards, J.; Hallal, P.C.; et al. Progress in physical activity over the Olympic quadrennium. Lancet 2016, 388, 1325–1336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McDonald, N.C.; Steiner, R.L.; Palmer, W.M.; Bullock, A.N.; Sisiopiku, V.P.; Lytle, B.F. Costs of school transportation: Quantifying the fiscal impacts of encouraging walking and bicycling for school travel. Transportation 2016, 43, 159–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | n | Age (Years) | Weight (kg) | Height (cm) | BMI (kg·m-2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||
Girls CZ | 931 | 16.77 | 1.18 | 59.49 | 9.26 | 167.50 | 6.42 | 21.18 | 2.95 |
Boys CZ | 531 | 16.74 | 1.22 | 70.35 | 11.85 | 179.06 | 7.86 | 21.92 | 3.37 |
Girls PL | 764 | 16.26 | 0.77 | 56.95 | 8.79 | 166.10 | 6.07 | 20.62 | 2.85 |
Boys PL | 579 | 16.21 | 0.74 | 67.02 | 13.37 | 176.63 | 7.74 | 21.41 | 3.65 |
Physical Activity | Girls | Boys | H | p | η2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low WB (n = 678) | High WB (n = 1017) | Low WB (n = 325) | High WB (n = 785) | ||||||||
Mdn (IQR) | M (SD) | Mdn (IQR)) | M (SD) | Mdn (IQR) | M (SD) | Mdn (IQR)) | M (SD) | ||||
Cycling transportation (MET-min/week) | 0 (0) | 181 (703) | 0 (60) | 272 (827) | 0 (120) | 308 (763) | 0 (360) | 462 (1104) | 66.34 b,c,d | ˂0.001 | 0.037* |
Walking transportation (MET-min/week) | 57 8(1122) | 910 (989) | 578 (1139) | 981 (1074) | 462 (990) | 874 (1061) | 495 (990) | 906 (1058) | 10.07 | 0.018 | 0.004 |
Total transportation (MET-min/week) | 693 (1116) | 1090 (1217) | 743 (1424) | 1253 (1333) | 675 (1544) | 1181 (1312) | 792 (1679) | 1368 (1587) | 7.90 | 0.048 | 0.003 |
Total physical activity (MET-min/week) | 3485 (4274) | 4388 (3354) | 4102 (5103) | 5094 (3645) | 4212 (5362) | 5122 (3787) | 5014 (4051) | 5808 (4051) | 47.76 a,b,c,d | ˂0.001 | 0.037* |
Country | Gender | Well-being | Passive Commuting and Sitting | χ 2 | p | w | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | High | ||||||||
n | % | n | % | ||||||
Czech Republic | Girls: | Low | 117 | 24.4 | 48 | 48.5 | 23.41 | <0.001 | 0.201 * |
High | 363 | 75.6 | 51 | 51.5 | |||||
Boys | Low | 124 | 29.3 | 36 | 34.6 | 0.79 | 0.375 | 0.039 | |
High | 300 | 71.7 | 71 | 66.4 | |||||
Poland | Girls: | Low | 258 | 43.8 | 85 | 48.6 | 1.24 | 0.265 | 0.041 |
High | 331 | 56.2 | 90 | 51.4 | |||||
Boys | Low | 233 | 33.6 | 102 | 42.9 | 6.56 | 0.010 | 0.084 | |
High | 460 | 66.4 | 136 | 57.1 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Frömel, K.; Groffik, D.; Mitáš, J.; Dygrýn, J.; Valach, P.; Šafář, M. Active Travel of Czech and Polish Adolescents in Relation to Their Well-Being: Support for Physical Activity and Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2001. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062001
Frömel K, Groffik D, Mitáš J, Dygrýn J, Valach P, Šafář M. Active Travel of Czech and Polish Adolescents in Relation to Their Well-Being: Support for Physical Activity and Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):2001. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062001
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrömel, Karel, Dorota Groffik, Josef Mitáš, Jan Dygrýn, Petr Valach, and Michal Šafář. 2020. "Active Travel of Czech and Polish Adolescents in Relation to Their Well-Being: Support for Physical Activity and Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 2001. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062001