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Volume 17
Issue 5
10.3390/ijerph17051767
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Article

A 15 Year Evaluation of West Nile Virus in Wisconsin: Effects on Wildlife and Human Health

by
Johnny A. Uelmen
1,2,*,
Charles Brokopp
1,3 and
Jonathan Patz
1,4
1
Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 610 Walnut Street, 707 WARF Building, Madison, WI 53726, USA
2
Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
3
Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, P.O. Box 7904, Madison, WI 53718, USA
4
Nelson Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 258 Enzyme Institute, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53726, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(5), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051767
Received: 7 February 2020 / Revised: 1 March 2020 / Accepted: 5 March 2020 / Published: 9 March 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drivers of Emerging West Nile Virus)
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Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) is the most important and widespread mosquito-borne virus in the United States (U.S.). WNV has the ability to spread rapidly and effectively, infecting more than 320 bird and mammalian species. An examination of environmental conditions and the health of keystone species may help predict the susceptibility of various habitats to WNV and reveal key risk factors, annual trends, and vulnerable regions. Since 2002, WNV outbreaks in Wisconsin varied by species, place, and time, significantly affected by unique climatic, environmental, and geographical factors. During a 15 year period, WNV was detected in 71 of 72 counties, resulting in 239 human and 1397 wildlife cases. Controlling for population and sampling efforts in Wisconsin, rates of WNV are highest in the western and northwestern rural regions of the state. WNV incidence rates were highest in counties with low human population densities, predominantly wetland, and at elevations greater than 1000 feet. Resources for surveillance, prevention, and detection of WNV were lowest in rural counties, likely resulting in underestimation of cases. Overall, increasing mean temperature and decreasing precipitation showed positive influence on WNV transmission in Wisconsin. This study incorporates the first statewide assessment of WNV in Wisconsin. View Full-Text
Keywords: West Nile virus; disease ecology; public health entomology; mosquito-borne disease; GIS West Nile virus; disease ecology; public health entomology; mosquito-borne disease; GIS
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MDPI and ACS Style

Uelmen, J.A.; Brokopp, C.; Patz, J. A 15 Year Evaluation of West Nile Virus in Wisconsin: Effects on Wildlife and Human Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051767

AMA Style

Uelmen JA, Brokopp C, Patz J. A 15 Year Evaluation of West Nile Virus in Wisconsin: Effects on Wildlife and Human Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051767

Chicago/Turabian Style

Uelmen, Johnny A., Charles Brokopp, and Jonathan Patz. 2020. "A 15 Year Evaluation of West Nile Virus in Wisconsin: Effects on Wildlife and Human Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051767

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