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Article

Passive Smoking Exposure in Living Environments Reduces Cognitive Function: A Prospective Cohort Study in Older Adults

by
Fan He
1,2,
Tian Li
3,
Junfen Lin
2,
Fudong Li
2,
Yujia Zhai
2,
Tao Zhang
2,
Xue Gu
2 and
Genming Zhao
1,*
1
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
2
Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
3
Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(4), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041402
Submission received: 6 December 2019 / Revised: 15 February 2020 / Accepted: 18 February 2020 / Published: 21 February 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Public Health and Epidemiology)
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Abstract

There is currently no consensus regarding the effects of passive smoking exposure on cognitive function in older adults. We evaluated 7000 permanent residents from six regions within Zhejiang Province, China, aged ≥60 years, without cognitive impairment at baseline and during follow-up examinations for two years. The Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination was used to assess the participants’ cognitive function. Multivariate regression analyses were carried out to calculate the adjusted relative risks (RRs) as measures of the association between passive smoking exposure and cognitive impairment after adjusting for potential confounders. The results showed an association between passive smoking exposure in the living environment and increased risk of cognitive impairment (RR: 1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.35). No dose–response relationship between the cumulative dose of passive smoking exposure (days) and cognitive impairment was observed. The results of stratified analyses suggested a harmful effect of passive smoking exposure on cognitive function in non-smokers (RR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.06–1.46), but not in smokers (RR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.71–1.92). Therefore, passive smoking exposure increased the risk of cognitive impairment in older adults, especially non-smokers. More effective measures to restrict smoking in the living environment should be developed and implemented.
Keywords: passive smoking; cognitive impairment; longitudinal study; hazard ratio; dementia; older adults; aging passive smoking; cognitive impairment; longitudinal study; hazard ratio; dementia; older adults; aging

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MDPI and ACS Style

He, F.; Li, T.; Lin, J.; Li, F.; Zhai, Y.; Zhang, T.; Gu, X.; Zhao, G. Passive Smoking Exposure in Living Environments Reduces Cognitive Function: A Prospective Cohort Study in Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041402

AMA Style

He F, Li T, Lin J, Li F, Zhai Y, Zhang T, Gu X, Zhao G. Passive Smoking Exposure in Living Environments Reduces Cognitive Function: A Prospective Cohort Study in Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(4):1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041402

Chicago/Turabian Style

He, Fan, Tian Li, Junfen Lin, Fudong Li, Yujia Zhai, Tao Zhang, Xue Gu, and Genming Zhao. 2020. "Passive Smoking Exposure in Living Environments Reduces Cognitive Function: A Prospective Cohort Study in Older Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041402

APA Style

He, F., Li, T., Lin, J., Li, F., Zhai, Y., Zhang, T., Gu, X., & Zhao, G. (2020). Passive Smoking Exposure in Living Environments Reduces Cognitive Function: A Prospective Cohort Study in Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041402

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