Food Retail Environments in Greater Melbourne 2008–2016: Longitudinal Analysis of Intra-City Variation in Density and Healthiness of Food Outlets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- How did the density of food outlets change in Melbourne between 2008 and 2016?
- Did the ‘healthiness’ of food outlets in Melbourne vary with distance from Central Business District; and, how has this changed over time between 2008 and 2016?
- Did the density of different types of food outlets vary with distance from Central Business District in Melbourne; and, how has this changed over time between 2008 and 2016?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Food Outlet Data Collection and Management
2.3. Food Outlet Data Preparation
2.3.1. Food Outlet Classification Tool
2.3.2. Food Outlet Classification
2.4. Classification of Local Government Areas (LGAs)
2.5. Food Environment Measures
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Food Outlets Grouped by Healthiness: Density over Time and across LGA-Rings
3.2. Ratio of Unhealthy or Less Healthy Food Outlets to Healthy Food Outlets over Time and across LGA-Rings
3.3. Food Outlets Grouped by Store Type: Density over Time and across LGA-Rings
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths
4.2. Limitations
4.3. Implications for Practice
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Outlets Grouped by ‘Type’ | Food Outlets Grouped by ‘Healthiness’ Score | |
---|---|---|
1. Supermarkets: Minor and Major Supermarkets | 1. Healthy (FES range: +5 to +10): Supermarkets, Fruit and greengrocer, Butcher, Fish, Poultry shop, Salad/Sandwich/Sushi bar. | |
2. Fresh Produce: Fruit and greengrocer, Butcher, Fish, Poultry shop | ||
3. Eating Out: Cafes and Restaurants (Independent and Franchise), and Pubs | 2. Less Healthy (FES range: −4 to +4): Cafes and Restaurants (Independent and Franchise), Bakers, Delis. | |
4. Small Goods: Bakers, Delis, Sandwich and Sushi | ||
5. Fast-food: Takeaway Franchise | 3. Unhealthy (FES range: −10 to −5): Fast-food, Takeaway independent, Pubs, General stores and Specialty extra. | |
6. Takeaways: Takeaway Independent | ||
7. Discretionary Foods *: General stores and Specialty extra |
Measures | Year | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 2012 | 2014 | 2016 | % Change # | |
Greater Melbourne population | 4,020,094 | 4,356,752 | 4,566,216 | 4,851,674 | 20.7 |
Food outlet classification (healthiness value): | Number of outlets (density per 10,000 population) | ||||
Total | 10,077 (25) | 11,415 (26.2) | 12,943 (28.4) | 13,580 (28) | +34.8(11.7) |
Baker (0) | 804 (2) | 841 (1.93) | 879 (1.93) | 911 (1.88) | +13 (−6.11) |
Butcher (+9) | 386 (0.96) | 422 (0.97) | 489 (1.07) | 502 (1.03) | +30 (7.76) |
General Stores (−5) | 532 (1.32) | 523 (1.2) | 664 (1.45) | 687 (1.42) | +29 (7) |
Delicatessen (0) | 297 (0.74) | 262 (0.6) | 255 (0.56) | 253 (0.52) | −15 (−29.42) |
Fruit & Greengrocer (+10) | 304 (0.76) | 278 (0.64) | 330 (0.72) | 337 (0.69) | +11 (−8.15) |
Fish Shop (+9) | 110 (0.27) | 118 (0.27) | 177 (0.39) | 181 (0.37) | +65 (36.34) |
Major Supermarkets (+5) | 99 (0.25) | 309 (0.71) | 394 (0.86) | 390 (0.8) | +294 (226.42) |
Minor Supermarkets (+5) | 440 (1.09) | 508 (1.17) | 552 (1.21) | 639 (1.32) | +45 (20.34) |
Poultry Shop (+9) | 97 (0.24) | 90 (0.21) | 128 (0.28) | 19 (0.04) | −80 (−83.77) |
Pubs (−5) | 290 (0.72) | 339 (0.78) | 323 (0.71) | 357 (0.74) | +23.1 (2) |
Restaurant Café Franchise (0) | 98 (0.24) | 152 (0.35) | 247 (0.54) | 198 (0.41) | +102 (67.41) |
Restaurant Café Independent (0) | 3468 (8.63) | 3910 (8.97) | 4317 (9.45) | 4672 (9.63) | +35 (11.63) |
Sandwich shop (+5) | 78 (0.19) | 48 (0.11) | 58 (0.13) | 57 (0.12) | −27 (−39.45) |
Specialty Core (+5) | 106 (0.26) | 149 (0.34) | 230 (0.5) | 245 (0.5) | +131 (91.52) |
Specialty Extra (−8) | 427 (1.06) | 486 (1.12) | 520 (1.14) | 550 (1.13) | +29 (6.73) |
Sushi bar (+5) | 17 (0.04) | 112 (0.26) | 136 (0.3) | 117 (0.24) | +588 (470.27) |
Fast-food Franchise (−10) | 405 (1.01) | 560 (1.29) | 720 (1.58) | 779 (1.61) | +92 (59.38) |
Takeaway Independent (−8) | 2119 (5.27) | 2308 (5.3) | 2524 (5.53) | 2686 (5.54) | +27 (5.03) |
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Needham, C.; Orellana, L.; Allender, S.; Sacks, G.; Blake, M.R.; Strugnell, C. Food Retail Environments in Greater Melbourne 2008–2016: Longitudinal Analysis of Intra-City Variation in Density and Healthiness of Food Outlets. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041321
Needham C, Orellana L, Allender S, Sacks G, Blake MR, Strugnell C. Food Retail Environments in Greater Melbourne 2008–2016: Longitudinal Analysis of Intra-City Variation in Density and Healthiness of Food Outlets. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(4):1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041321
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeedham, Cindy, Liliana Orellana, Steven Allender, Gary Sacks, Miranda R. Blake, and Claudia Strugnell. 2020. "Food Retail Environments in Greater Melbourne 2008–2016: Longitudinal Analysis of Intra-City Variation in Density and Healthiness of Food Outlets" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041321