The Retail Food Sector and Indigenous Peoples in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Scoping Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Context: Indigenous Peoples in HICs
2.2. Literature Review
2.2.1. Systematic Scoping Review
2.2.2. Search Strategy
2.2.3. Eligibility Criteria
2.2.4. Screening
2.2.5. Data Charting
- Retail food supply, including supply chain (i.e., food processing, distribution, transport, warehousing); stores (i.e., characteristics of local food stores, including the geographic density/distribution, and vendor characteristics); food supply (i.e., items available in the store, including their availability (i.e., the presence and diversity of food items in the stores surveyed), affordability (function of food prices, income, and perceptions of value), quality/acceptability (i.e., structured assessments of product properties and perceptions about the appeal, value and convenience of the food supply) and in-store placement/promotion (e.g., shelf space allocation, labels and posters, announcements, etc.));
- Consumers (e.g., store sale records, shopping behavior)
- Interventions and initiatives (e.g., store-based and multisectoral interventions, food pricing policies and subsidies).
3. Results
3.1. Overview of Included Studies
3.1.1. Where has the research been conducted, and which populations have been involved?
3.1.2. How Has the Research Been Undertaken (Indigenous Participation and Study Design)?
3.1.3. What Dimensions and Domains of the Retail Food Sector Have Been Examined?
3.2. Retail Food Sector—Food Supply Chains and Food Imports
3.3. Retail Food Sector—Food Stores
3.3.1. Store Availability and Geographic Accessibility (Type, Number, and/or Location of Stores)
3.3.2. Vendor Characteristics (Store Operation and Management)
3.3.3. Relating Store-Level Factors to Food Supply and Health
3.4. Retail Food Sector—Food Supply
3.4.1. Food Availability
3.4.2. Food Affordability
3.4.3. Food Quality
3.4.4. Point of Purchase Promotion and Information
Reference | Setting 1 | Store(s) Surveyed | Methods | Food Supply 2 | Connection to Diet and Health | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Geography | Number of Stores/Communities | Store Type | Timepoints | Survey Tools 3 (Number and/or Type of Items) | Availability | Affordability (Cost) | Quality | Point of Purchase Promotion | ||
[94] | US | Rural | 18/2 | Convenience store | Single | NEMS-TCS (ready to eat foods) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
[83] | US | Rural | 27/1 | Several store types | Single | NEMS-S (68 items) | ✓ | ✓ | |||
[87] | NZ | Rural; Urban | 392/98 | Supermarket | Single | NEMS-S (5 items—regular vs. healthier choice) | ✓ | ✓ Relative price | ✓ BMI | ||
[82] | GU | Not specified | 114/ | Large and small stores | Single | NEMS-S (Healthful and less healthful) | ✓ | ✓ Relative price | ✓ | ||
[26] | CA | Arctic and northern | /6 | Community stores | Seasonal | RNFB (+items based on local diets) | ✓ Nutrition economics | ✓ Not reported | |||
[93] | US | Arctic and northern | /13 | Community stores | Single | NEMS-S (Fresh produce only) Alaska Food Cost Survey | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | BMI and diet reported but not related to food supply | |
[73] | US | Not specified. Comparison on vs. off reservation | 50/22 | Several store types | Single | TFP market basket (68 items) | ✓ | ✓ | |||
[91] | AU | Several categories | 92/ | Not specified (stores previously surveyed) | Single (compared to 1998) | HFAB | ✓ | ✓ | |||
[111] | AU | Several categories | 144/ | Grocery stores and community stores | Single | HFAB (430 items costed;13 items for quality) | ✓ | ✓ Based on industry standards | |||
[71] | US | Rural; Remote | 72/ | Several store types | Single | NEMS-S (Healthful and less healthful) | ✓ | ✓ Relative price | ✓ | ||
[64] | GU, NC | Capital city | Country-level | Large stores (or chains) | Single | Protocol based on collaboration on nutrients in processed foods (3438 items) | ✓ Country of origin | ✓ Food labels (nutrient data, promotional claims) | |||
[77] | GU | Not specified | 100/ | Large and small stores | Single | In style of NEMS-S (9 items) | ✓ Sodium content | ||||
[102] | AU | Remote-compared to capital cities | 20/ | Community stores | Single | 453 items (63% of food expenditure) | ✓ | ||||
[103] | CA | Remote-compared to capital city | /3 | Community stores | Fall and winter | TNFB + additional foods (22 items) | ✓ | ||||
[56] | GL | Arctic and northern | 5/5 | Community stores | Single | NEMS-S Freedman Grocery Store Survey | ✓ |
Reference | Setting 1 | Participants | Food Supply 2 | Consumer and Shopping-Related Issues Discussed by Respondents | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Geography | Availability | Affordability | Quality | Point of Purchase Promotion | |||
[113] | CA | Arctic and northern | Dene/Métis adults | ✓ | ✓ Expensive | ✓ Lack of freshness | ||
[59] | US | Rural |
| ✓ | ✓ Higher cost of healthy food | ✓ Quality of meat |
| |
[96] | CA | Urban | Caregivers of Métis and off-reserve First Nations children | ✓ Unaffordability of both healthy and unhealthy |
| |||
[98] | CA | Six Nations of the Grand River | Adults (from Six Nations Reserve) | ✓ | ✓ CAD 151/week to feed household |
| ||
[89] | NZ | Auckland and Wellington | Māori and Pacific shoppers | ✓ | ✓ Higher cost of healthy food | ✓ |
| |
[84] | US | Rural | American Indian adults | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| |
[114] | US | Urban; Rural | Tribal leaders (American Indian) |
| ||||
[115] | AU | Remote | Adults (Aboriginal) | ✓ High cost of food and competing demands for money |
| |||
[60] | CA | Arctic and northern |
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| |
[116] | CA | Arctic and northern |
| ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
[117] | US | Urban | American Indian women |
| ||||
[57] | CA | Arctic and northern |
| ✓ | ✓ |
| ||
[88] | US | Navajo Nation |
| ✓ Predominant foods available are convenient and unhealthy | ✓ |
| ||
[62] | CA | Arctic and northern | Community members | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| |
[118] | CA | Arctic and northern |
| ✓ | ||||
[95] | CA | Arctic and northern | Indigenous women (First Nation, Dene/Métis, Inuit) | ✓ | ||||
[119] | CA | Arctic and northern (Rural) | Adults (First Nations) |
|
3.5. Consumers
3.5.1. Shopping Location (in/out of Community and by Store Type)
3.5.2. Shopping Frequency and Cycles
3.5.3. Consumer Decision-Making
3.5.4. Store Sales Records
3.6. Improving the Retail Sector
3.6.1. Food System/Security/Sovereignty Priority Setting and Planning
3.6.2. Multi-Sector/Strategies Involving the Retail Sector
3.6.3. Food Pricing Policies (Discounts/Subsidies, Taxes, and Vouchers)
3.6.4. Other Initiatives
Intervention Name Goal/Type | Setting 4 | Number of Intervention Stores/ Communities 5 | Intervention 6 | Process Evaluation | Evaluation and Impacts Examined 6 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Geography or Location | Availability | Affordability | Quality | Point of Purchase Promotion | Design | Psychosocial | Diet or Purchase | Health | |||
AHS: Apache Healthy Stores [152,153] Food store-based obesity and chronic disease risk reduction program (dietary improvement) | US | White Mountain and San Carlos Reservation | 11 (6)/2 reservations | ✓ | ✓ | Differed by level. At the store level: high level of dose and reach, and a moderate to high level of fidelity | Quasi-experimental design (pre-test/post-test longitudinal study) | ✓ | ✓ | |||
CHILE: Child Health Initiative for Lifelong Eating and Exercise [80,162,163,166] Multicomponent obesity prevention intervention for children in Head Start Centers | US | Rural | /6 American Indian sites | ✓ | ✓ | Participant engagement, recruitment and retention | Group randomized controlled trial | ✓ BMI | ||||
Healthy Communities Project [168] Multicomponent pilot health promotion project (reduce sugary drink consumption and increase water consumption) | AU | Remote | /3 | ✓ Drink availability | Qualitative and quantitative evaluation | ✓
| ✓ Store drink sales (water vs. sugary drink) | |||||
HFH: Healthy Foods Hawaii [161] Multicomponent obesity risk reduction and dietary improvement intervention for children (includes local producers/distributors) | US | Hawaii | 5/2 (2) | ✓ | ✓ | High fidelity and moderate reach and dose reported | Pre/post-assessment of child-caregiver dyads in intervention and comparison communities | ✓ Knowledge and the perception that healthy foods are convenient (caregiver) | ✓ Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score (children) | |||
HFN: Healthy Foods North [154,155,156] Multicomponent chronic disease risk reduction and dietary improvement intervention (nutrition and physical activity) | CA | Arctic and northern | 9 food stores + 3 convenience stores /4(2) | ✓ | ✓ | Pre/post-assessment in intervention and comparison communities | ✓ Food related self-efficacy and intentions | ✓ Unhealthy food acquisition frequency | ✓ BMI | |||
Looma Healthy Lifestyle Program [79] Community-directed healthy lifestyle program to reduce risk of chronic disease (reduce coronary heart disease through dietary modification) | AU | Remote | 1/1 | ✓ | ✓ Appointment of community member as store manager to improve quality of the food supply | Trends in risk factors across the community after the start of the intervention were examined in 3 cross-sectional surveys | ✓ Apparent diet (store turnover method) | ✓ Plasma markers of coronary heart disease risk that are associated with diet | ||||
NHSI: Healthy Navajo Stores Initiative [125] Multifaceted intervention drawing from National “Healthy Corner Store” best practices (including a fruit and vegetable prescription/voucher program) | US | Navajo Nation (rural/remote) | Stores across Navajo Nation were invited to participate | ✓ Staff training on produce handling to maintain freshness | ✓ | Food environment assessment (fruits and vegetable index score) | Multi-phase longitudinal study; Cross sectional survey of shoppers at participating compared to non-participating stores | ✓ Fruit and vegetable purchasing | ||||
NHS: Navajo Healthy Stores [157] Multicomponent food environment intervention to increase the availability of healthier foods and | US | Navajo Nation (rural/remote) | Total of 10 store regions across the Navajo Nation (5 immediate, 5 delayed) | ✓ | ✓ | Store-region randomized controlled intervention/ Pre-post differences by intervention group and by intervention exposure level | ✓ Healthy food intentions | ✓ Healthy food acquisition | ✓ BMI | |||
OPREVENT: Obesity Prevention and Evaluation of InterVention Effectiveness in NaTive North Americans [160] Multicomponent obesity (and related comorbidity) reduction initiative | US | Rural | 25/total 5 (3 immediate, 2 delayed) | ✓ | ✓ |
| Community randomized controlled trial | ✓ | ✓ Dietary assessment | ✓ Anthropometry | ||
SHOP: Supermarket Healthy Options [112,136,164,172] Multicomponent (price discount and nutrition education) intervention (and pilot study) to promote healthier food purchasing | NZ | Urban | 8/3 (pilot: 1/1) | ✓ Price discounts (with and without nutrition education) | Factorial randomized controlled trial | ✓ Individualized electronic shopping data (healthy food purchasing and percentage energy from saturated fat) | ||||||
SHOP: Supermarket Healthy Options Project @RIC (Remote Indigenous Communities) [81,176] Multicomponent (price discount and nutrition education) intervention to promote healthier food purchasing | NZ | Not specified | 20/20 | ✓ Price discounts (with and without nutrition education) | A stepped wedge randomized controlled trial | ✓ Weekly store sales data on all food and drinks sold | ✓ Disability Adjusted Life Years (and cost effectiveness) | |||||
THRIVE: Tribal Health and Resilience in Vulnerable Environments [61,94] Initiative to improve the tribal food environment through interventions in tribally owned convenience stores | US | Rural | 4 (4)/2 Nations | ✓ Variety and convenience | ✓ Reduced pricing | ✓ | . High fidelity across strategies in the intervention reported | Cluster-controlled trial design with treatment conditions at the store level; Mixed-effects linear regression pre- to postintervention changes | ✓ | ✓ Purchasing andfruit and vegetable intake | ||
ZATPD:Zhiiwapenewin Akino’maagewin: Teaching to Prevent Diabetes [158,159] Multicomponent diabetes prevention (feasibility study) building on the Sandy Lake Health and Diabetes Program and others [184] | CA | Arctic and northern (remote and semi-remote) | /7 First Nations in 4 sites total (2 delayed intervention) | ✓ | ✓ | Moderate fidelity at the store-level | Quasi-experimental pretest/post-test evaluation between intervention and comparison communities | ✓ | ✓ Healthy food acquisition | ✓ Anthropometry |
4. Discussion
4.1. Retail/Consumer Food Environment/Supply Issues
4.2. Common Structural Issues Across Regions
4.3. Towards Equitable Food Systems
4.4. Research Gaps, Methodological Considerations and Future Research
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Reference | Setting 1 | Methods | Outcomes Examined | Conclusion | Relationship to Food Supply and/or Health | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Geography | Empirical | Respondent-Based | ||||
[66] | CA | Arctic and northern | Mapping | Survey of retail experience |
| There is limited retail competition in most communities which lack year-round road access | Respondents expressed concerns regarding food supply (availability, cost, quality and freshness) |
[65] | USA | Not specified | Mapping | Interviews (Tribal members) |
| Lower density of healthy food outlets in tribal areas compared to nontribal areas | Respondents perceived food environment negatively and ported barriers to the acquisition of healthy food |
[67] | CA | Rural | Asset mapping (youth) |
| Gas station and convenience store were the only place to purchase groceries in the community | Available food was perceived to be of poor quality and recommended that healthier food be sold | |
[68] | USA | Rural; Urban | Inventorying (secondary data; ground-truthing / site visitation) |
| Secondary data sources both over- and under- estimate the food environment especially for nontraditional retailers | ||
[71] | USA | Rural; Remote | Inventorying (secondary data; telephone survey) |
| General characteristics of available stores (on Navajo Nation and Border Towns) are reported | Navajo convenience stores offered fewer healthier food options compared to Navajo supermarket | |
[72] | Guam | Island | On site observations |
| The majority of stores within a mile from participants were small markets | Living near a small market was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI); while living near a convenience store was positively correlated | |
[73] | USA | Not specified | Inventorying (secondary data; telephone survey; site visitation) |
| Half of stores identified on 22 American Indian reservations were convenience stores. A total of 17 reservations did not have a supermarket on their reservation, and the nearest off-reservation supermarket was 10 miles from the tribe’s headquarters | Across all stores, about 38% of checklist items were available, with foods from the dairy and sugars/sweets groups being the most available, while fresh fruits/vegetables being the least available. Cost of the most commonly available items was lowest in supermarkets | |
[69] | CA | Urban | Mapping (census and store location data) |
| Supermarket exposure did not differ in neighborhoods with a higher percentage of Indigenous residents | ||
[70] | CA | General/National | Internet search |
| In total, 42 Indigenous food co-ops were identified (notably in northern Canada) |
Dimension | Research Gaps and/or Challenge | Proposed Research Needs and/or Future Directions |
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Food items included |
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Equity informed methods |
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Kenny, T.-A.; Little, M.; Lemieux, T.; Griffin, P.J.; Wesche, S.D.; Ota, Y.; Batal, M.; Chan, H.M.; Lemire, M. The Retail Food Sector and Indigenous Peoples in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Scoping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238818
Kenny T-A, Little M, Lemieux T, Griffin PJ, Wesche SD, Ota Y, Batal M, Chan HM, Lemire M. The Retail Food Sector and Indigenous Peoples in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(23):8818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238818
Chicago/Turabian StyleKenny, Tiff-Annie, Matthew Little, Tad Lemieux, P. Joshua Griffin, Sonia D. Wesche, Yoshitaka Ota, Malek Batal, Hing Man Chan, and Melanie Lemire. 2020. "The Retail Food Sector and Indigenous Peoples in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Scoping Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23: 8818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238818
APA StyleKenny, T.-A., Little, M., Lemieux, T., Griffin, P. J., Wesche, S. D., Ota, Y., Batal, M., Chan, H. M., & Lemire, M. (2020). The Retail Food Sector and Indigenous Peoples in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238818