Older Adult Segmentation According to Residentially-Based Lifestyles and Analysis of Their Needs for Smart Home Functions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Design a questionnaire tool to identify RBL of older people
- (2)
- Find older adult segmentation based on RBL for smart home planning
- (3)
- Identify the needs of each group in regards to smart home functions and services.
1.1. Lifestyle of Older People
1.2. Smart Homes for Older People
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Residentially-Based Lifestyle Questionnaire
2.2.2. Questionnaire on Preference of Smart Home Functions
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Principal Component Analysis on Residentially-Based Lifestyles
3.2. Segmentation Based on Residentially-Based Lifestyles
3.3. Needs for Smart Home Functions for Each Group
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Paper | Lifestyle Indices for Older People |
---|---|
Bone [10] | Discretionary Income/Health/Activity level/Discretionary time/Response to other people |
Moschis et al. [12] | Biophysical/Psychological/Social circumstances/Key life events |
Sudbury and Simcock [13] | Health and activities/Social measures/Psychological measures/Consumer behaviors, attitudes and values/Media usage |
Du [31] | Physical health (Physical condition, Eating routine, Exercise habits, Quality of sleep, Use of drugs or alcohol, Living environment/Mental health (Mental status, Emotion control, Stress handling, Self-regulation)/Social wellbeing (Prosocial behaviors, Interpersonal relationships, Social recognition) |
Yuan et al. [35] | Substance abuse (Cigarette, Alcohol)/Leisure activity (TV watching, Reading, Smartphone use, Social activity, Exercise) |
Shahboulaghi et al. [34] | Interpersonal and social relationships/Stress management/Eating/Exercise/Prevention |
Zhang et al. [36] | Smoking/Drinking/Diet status/Sleep status/Exercise & labor status/Leisure time activities |
Saint Martin et al. [33] | Smoking/Alcohol Consumption/Health Care/Physical Activity/Intellectual Activity/Social Activity |
Fallah Mehrabadi et al. [32] | Prevention/Physical Activity/Recreation and Entertainment/Healthy Nutrition/Stress Management/Social and Interpersonal Relationships |
Appendix B
Service | Category | Function | Description/Scenario |
---|---|---|---|
Comfort | Automation of daily routines | Smart washing machine | You can program it to finish anytime you want, and you can see the progress on your phone. |
Smart refrigerator | Through the refrigerator screen, you can see the inside of the refrigerator, and manage the expiration date of each food item. The display also allows you to buy food ingredients directly online. | ||
Smart cooker and smart coffee maker | Cooking is done at the desired time and is kept warm in storage mode until you consume it. It also makes coffee automatically at the time that you want. | ||
Schedule reminder | It tells you not to forget the main events of the day. | ||
Reminder to take medicine | It checks the time and amount of medicine that you usually take and reminds you to take it. | ||
Remote home management | Opened window/door detection | You can check if the windows and the door are open or closed on your phone. And you can close it on your phone. | |
Automatic watering in the garden | You can water your garden anytime with the remote control. During traveling, you can check the state of the garden on your mobile screen. | ||
Automatically checked postbox | It will notify you when a new letter arrives. And you can see by mobile how much correspondence is in the mailbox. | ||
Intelligent environmental and sustainability services | Automatic heating | If you are at home, the heating turns on automatically according to the set temperature. It can also be controlled with remote control. | |
Gas leak detection/smoke detection | It detects and alerts you if there is smoke or gas leak. And if you are not at home, you will receive a notification on your phone. | ||
Remote controlled electricity | The use of electricity can be reduced by cutting off power before going to bed or going out. You don’t have to unplug appliances every time you leave. | ||
Remote controlled lights | You can turn the lights on or off in several spaces at once. You can also remotely control the lights in the room you want. | ||
Light mode settings | The brightness of the lamp is set to a preset mode, such as TV viewing mode, reading mode, eating mode, etc. | ||
Smart leisure | TV auto-play function, notifications from my channel | You can receive program information from the channels you watch frequently. If you set the program you want, the TV automatically plays the program at that time. | |
Personalized learning TV content | You can watch the content you want to learn on television. | ||
Automatic cinema mode setting | You can watch TV shows or movies with your favorite screen brightness and volume. You can also set the brightness of external lights or blinds at the same time. | ||
Monitoring | Health and lifestyle monitoring | Fall detection | If you fall, your family or your caregiver will receive a notification. |
Monitoring in your absence | There is a camera that allows you to see inside your home, and it checks on the status of your pet while you are away. | ||
Measure sleep health | When you sleep in the usual bed, your heart rate and sleep quality will be measured automatically. | ||
Sensors you can wear as clothes | It is a light cloth. If you wear it daily, you can verify your health status in real-time and communicate with the hospital according to the data. | ||
Mental health detection | It checks your usual mental state and notifies you if something is wrong. | ||
Call the family in case of emergency | Automatically calls family and friends in case of emergency. | ||
Health therapy | Remote interaction | Telehealthcare | You can talk to your doctor and get medical consultation on video from home without having to go to the hospital. |
Support | Assist mobility | Home management assistant robot | It helps with physically demanding tasks such as cleaning and transporting. |
Equipment to help up and down stairs | Reduce physical tension when going up and down stairs or when walking. | ||
Support with socialization | Robot like a friend | You can talk or play card games with the robot as if it was your friend. |
Appendix C
Frequency | Rarely | Sometimes | Often | Almost Always | Always |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I sleep the necessary hours at night. | |||||
I am sleepy during the day. | |||||
I eat at least 3 times a day. | |||||
My diet is varied and balanced. | |||||
My chronic disease affects the quality of my daily life. | |||||
My medication or treatments affect the quality of my daily life. | |||||
Generally, I feel satisfied with my daily life. | |||||
I need help to clean the house, wash the dishes or do the laundry. | |||||
I need help to wash myself or change my clothes. | |||||
I need help to prepare food or buy ingredients. | |||||
I need help to take care of someone (grandchild, child, brother, spouse). | |||||
Time spent | Never | Less Than 1 h Daily | About 1 h Daily | About 2 h Daily | More than 3 h Daily |
Watch TV or listen to music | |||||
Take care of someone (grandchild, child, brother, spouse) | |||||
Take care of my house (clean, care for the garden or plants) | |||||
Read books, newspapers or magazines | |||||
Cook or bake | |||||
Do light exercise | |||||
Talk to someone (including call) | |||||
Rest | |||||
Do nothing because I don’t want to do anything | |||||
Creative and artistic activities (sew, paint, decorate, write...) | |||||
Frequency | Less Than 1 Time Per 1 month | 1 Time Per 1 Month | 2 Times Per 1 Month | 3 Times Per 1 Month | More Than 4 Times Per 1 Month |
Invite friends | |||||
Family visit | |||||
Visits of another type | |||||
Satisfaction | Not at All | A Little Bit | Moderately | Quite A Bit | Extremely |
I am satisfied with how I share my time. |
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Measurement Items | Quality of Life | House-Work | Need for Help in Home Life | Health State-Related Quality | Leisure at Home | Social Event at Home | Relaxation at Home |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Generally, I feel satisfied with my daily life. | 0.76 | ||||||
I am satisfied with how I share my time. | 0.68 | ||||||
I sleep the necessary hours at night. | 0.65 | ||||||
My diet is varied and balanced. | 0.54 | ||||||
I eat at least 3 times a day. | 0.46 | ||||||
Cook or bake | 0.76 | ||||||
Take care of my house | 0.66 | ||||||
Take care of someone | 0.54 | ||||||
Talk to someone | 0.33 | ||||||
I need help to take care of someone | 0.7 | ||||||
I need help to prepare food or buy ingredients. | 0.63 | ||||||
I need help to clean the house, wash the dishes or do the laundry. | 0.62 | ||||||
I need help to wash myself or change my clothes. | 0.4 | ||||||
My chronic disease affects the quality of my daily life. | 0.83 | ||||||
My medication or treatments affect the quality of daily life. | 0.79 | ||||||
I am sleepy during the day. | 0.41 | ||||||
Read books, newspapers or magazines | 0.68 | ||||||
Creative and artistic activities | 0.65 | ||||||
Do light exercise | 0.49 | ||||||
Visits of another type | 0.71 | ||||||
Invite friends | 0.71 | ||||||
Family visit | 0.56 | ||||||
Watch TV or listen to music | 0.59 | ||||||
Do nothing because I don’t want to do anything | 0.57 | ||||||
Rest | 0.57 | ||||||
Cronbach’s alphas | 0.7 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.69 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.49 |
Eigen value | 2.3 | 2.02 | 1.9 | 1.79 | 1.69 | 1.64 | 1.58 |
Cumulative Var. | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.52 |
Factor | Cluster 1 (n = 31) | Cluster 2 (n = 57) | Cluster 3 (n = 39) | Cluster 4 (n = 80) | Cluster 5 (n = 64) | F-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quality of life | −0.258 | 0.184 | −1.575 | 0.282 | 0.568 | 24.44 *** |
House work | 0.848 | −0.334 | −0.188 | 0.437 | −0.546 | 10.52 ** |
Need for help in home life | 1.755 | −0.187 | −0.557 | −0.378 | 0.128 | 31.88 *** |
Health state−related quality | −0.131 | −0.925 | 0.100 | 0.062 | 0.749 | 111.4 *** |
Leisure at home | −0.405 | −0.374 | −0.235 | 0.930 | −0.490 | 6.155 * |
Social event at home | −0.019 | 0.135 | −0.434 | 0.338 | −0.269 | 0.661 |
Relaxation at home | −0.054 | 0.888 | −0.364 | −0.140 | −0.368 | 54.31 *** |
Demographic Characteristics | Cluster 1 n = 31 (11.4%) | Cluster 2 n = 57 (21.0%) | Cluster 3 n = 39 (14.4%) | Cluster 4 n = 80 (29.5%) | Cluster 5 n = 64 (23.6%) | χ2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tired of Housework | Just Rest | Poor Quality of Life | Active at Home | High Quality of Life and Good Health | |||
Gender | Male | 11 (33.5) | 27 (47.4) | 15 (38.5) | 25 (31.3) | 38 (59.4) | 13.005 * |
Female | 20 (64.5) | 30 (52.6) | 24 (61.5) | 55 (68.7) | 26 (40.6) | ||
Age | 65–69 | 16 (51.6) | 23 (40.4) | 23 (59) | 40 (50) | 36 (56.3) | 9.3738 |
70–74 | 8 (25.8) | 23 (40.4) | 14 (35.9) | 25 (31.3) | 18 (28.1) | ||
75–79 | 6 (19.4) | 9 (15.8) | 1 (2.6) | 13 (16.3) | 9 (14.1) | ||
>80 | 1 (3.2) | 2 (3.6) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (2.4) | 1 (1.5) | ||
Marital status | Married | 28 (90.3) | 51 (89.5) | 30 (76.9) | 69 (86.3) | 60 (93.8) | 18.16 |
Single | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Widowed | 3 (9.7) | 6 (10.5) | 6 (15.4) | 11 (13.8) | 3 (4.7) | ||
Separated | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.6) | ||
Resident type | Alone | 1 (3.2) | 4 (7) | 6 (15.4) | 5 (6.3) | 2 (3.1) | 14.122 |
With Spouse | 27 (87.1) | 43 (75.4) | 23 (59) | 59 (73.8) | 53 (82.8) | ||
With Family | 3 (9.7) | 10 (17.5) | 10 (25.6) | 15 (18.8) | 8 (12.5) | ||
Others | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.6) | ||
Caregiver | Spouse | 26 (83.9) | 48 (84.2) | 29 (74.4) | 66 (82.5) | 58 (90.6) | 18.954 |
Sons or daughters | 3 (9.7) | 5 (8.8) | 9 (23.1) | 12 (15) | 4 (6.3) | ||
Other family | 2 (6.5) | 3 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.5) | 1 (1.6) | ||
Friends | 0 (0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Others | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.6) | ||
Spent time out of home | less than 1 | 2 (6.5) | 7 (12.3) | 5 (12.8) | 8 (10) | 4 (6.3) | 19.487 |
1–3 | 19 (61.3) | 32 (56.1) | 14 (35.9) | 39 (48.8) | 23 (35.9) | ||
3–6 | 4 (12.9) | 8 (14) | 11 (28.2) | 24 (30) | 18 (28.1) | ||
more than 6 | 6 (19.4) | 10 (17.5) | 9 (23.1) | 9 (11.3) | 19 (29.7) | ||
Education | Basic | 3 (9.7) | 2 (3.5) | 3 (7.7) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (3.1) | 10.304 |
Intermediate | 13 (41.9) | 20 (35.1) | 19 (48.7) | 28 (35) | 21 (32.8) | ||
University | 15 (48.4) | 35 (61.4) | 17 (43.6) | 51 (63.8) | 41 (64.1) | ||
Income (million won) | less than 1 | 0 (0) | 6 (10.5) | 3 (7.7) | 5 (6.3) | 0 (0) | 28.126 * |
1–2 | 8 (25.8) | 5 (8.8) | 11 (28.2) | 12 (15) | 8 (12.5) | ||
2–3 | 12 (38.7) | 13 (22.8) | 13 (33.3) | 15 (18.8) | 20 (31.3) | ||
more than 3 | 11 (35.5) | 33 (57.9) | 12 (30.8) | 48 (60) | 36 (56.3) |
Health (SF 12v2) | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | Cluster 5 | F-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tired of Housework | Just Rest | Poor Quality of Life | Active at Home | High Quality of Life and Good Health | ||
Physical component summary | 44.915 | 44.646 | 46.273 | 48.868 | 50.733 | 24.48 *** |
Mental component summary | 48.272 | 50.914 | 45.379 | 54.268 | 53.704 | 15.75 *** |
Smart Home Functions | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | Cluster 5 | F-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tired of Housework | Just Rest | Poor Quality of Life | Active at Home | High Quality of Life and Good Health | ||
Smart washing machine | 2.097 | 2.123 | 2.103 | 1.938 | 1.766 | 3.824 |
Smart refrigerator | 2.387 | 2.246 | 2.077 | 2.313 | 1.906 | 2.663 |
Smart cooker and smart coffee maker | 2.355 | 2.368 | 1.821 | 2.450 | 1.859 | 2.65 |
Schedule reminder | 2.839 | 2.842 | 2.821 | 2.863 | 2.422 | 2.849 |
Reminder to take medicine | 2.871 | 2.842 | 2.487 | 2.563 | 2.000 | 13.96 *** |
Open windows/doors detection | 2.387 | 2.509 | 2.359 | 2.575 | 2.031 | 1.893 |
Automatic watering in the garden | 2.323 | 2.175 | 1.846 | 2.175 | 1.984 | 1.103 |
Automatically checked postbox | 2.645 | 2.596 | 2.282 | 2.463 | 2.109 | 6.27 * |
Automatic heating | 3.000 | 3.070 | 2.564 | 2.738 | 2.188 | 14.58 *** |
Gas leak detection/smoke detection | 3.871 | 3.368 | 3.077 | 3.388 | 2.719 | 10.87 ** |
Remote controlled electricity | 3.516 | 3.298 | 3.256 | 3.400 | 2.625 | 9.04 ** |
Remote controlled lights | 3.194 | 3.000 | 2.769 | 2.913 | 2.422 | 8.766 ** |
Light mode settings | 2.774 | 2.772 | 2.410 | 2.863 | 2.188 | 4.552 * |
TV auto-play function, notifications from my channel | 2.710 | 2.526 | 2.410 | 2.638 | 2.109 | 4.163 * |
Personalized learning TV content | 2.710 | 2.737 | 2.641 | 2.975 | 2.469 | 0.265 |
Automatic cinema mode setting | 2.613 | 2.684 | 2.256 | 2.813 | 2.109 | 3.255 |
Fall detection | 3.548 | 2.982 | 2.974 | 3.188 | 2.641 | 5.138 * |
Monitoring in your absence | 2.645 | 2.526 | 2.385 | 2.638 | 2.281 | 0.985 |
Measure sleep health | 3.065 | 2.877 | 2.846 | 2.988 | 2.469 | 3.476 |
Sensors you can wear as clothes | 2.871 | 2.842 | 2.513 | 2.800 | 2.313 | 4.077 * |
Mental health detection | 3.355 | 2.982 | 2.923 | 3.050 | 2.422 | 8.981 ** |
Telehealthcare | 3.419 | 3.316 | 2.821 | 3.238 | 2.484 | 11.01 ** |
Home Management Assistant Robot | 2.710 | 3.070 | 2.308 | 2.975 | 2.219 | 4.742 * |
Equipment to help you up and down stairs | 2.645 | 2.632 | 2.308 | 2.375 | 1.969 | 10.46 ** |
Robot like a friend | 2.323 | 2.281 | 1.718 | 1.863 | 1.719 | 11.5 *** |
Call the family in case of emergency | 3.581 | 3.351 | 3.128 | 3.225 | 2.844 | 6.67 * |
Priority | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | Cluster 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tired of Housework | Just Rest | Poor Quality of Life | Active at Home | High Quality of Life and Good Health | |
1 | Gas leak detection/smoke detection | Gas leak detection/smoke detection | Remote controlled electricity | Remote controlled electricity | Call the family in case of emergency. |
2 | Call the family in case of emergency. | Call the family in case of emergency. | Call the family in case of emergency. | Gas leak detection/smoke detection | Gas leak detection/smoke detection |
3 | Fall detection | Telehealthcare | Gas leak detection/smoke detection | Telehealthcare | Fall detection |
4 | Remote controlled electricity | Remote controlled electricity | Fall detection | Call the family in case of emergency. | Remote controlled electricity |
5 | Telehealthcare | Automatic heating | Mental health detection | Fall detection | |
Home Management Assistant Robot | |||||
6 | Mental health detection | Remote controlled lights | Measure sleep health | Mental health detection | |
7 | Remote controlled lights | Fall detection | Schedule reminder | Measure sleep health | |
Mental health detection | Telehealthcare | ||||
8 | Measure sleep health | Measure sleep health | Remote controlled lights | Personalized learning TV content | |
Home Management Assistant Robot | |||||
9 | Automatic heating | Schedule reminder | Personalized learning TV content | Remote controlled lights | |
Reminder to take medicine | |||||
Sensors you can wear as clothes | |||||
10 | Schedule reminder | Light mode settings | Automatic heating | Schedule reminder | |
Light mode settings | |||||
11 | Reminder to take medicine | Personalized learning TV content | Sensors you can wear as clothes | Automatic cinema mode setting | |
Sensors you can wear as clothes | |||||
12 | Light mode settings | Automatic cinema mode setting | Sensors you can wear as clothes | ||
13 | TV auto-play function, notifications from my channel | Equipment to help you up and down stairs | Automatic heating | ||
Personalized learning TV content | |||||
Home Management Assistant Robot | |||||
14 | Automatically checked postbox | Automatically checked postbox | TV auto-play function, notifications from my channel | ||
Monitoring in your absence | Monitoring in your absence | ||||
Equipment to help you up and down stairs | |||||
15 | Automatic cinema mode setting | TV auto-play function, notifications from my channel | Open windows/doors detection | ||
Monitoring in your absence | |||||
16 | Open windows/doors detection | Reminder to take medicine |
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Share and Cite
Yu, J.; de Antonio, A.; Villalba-Mora, E. Older Adult Segmentation According to Residentially-Based Lifestyles and Analysis of Their Needs for Smart Home Functions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228492
Yu J, de Antonio A, Villalba-Mora E. Older Adult Segmentation According to Residentially-Based Lifestyles and Analysis of Their Needs for Smart Home Functions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(22):8492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228492
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Jiyeon, Angelica de Antonio, and Elena Villalba-Mora. 2020. "Older Adult Segmentation According to Residentially-Based Lifestyles and Analysis of Their Needs for Smart Home Functions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22: 8492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228492