Non-Smoker’s Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke in South Africa during 2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Design and Sample
2.2. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.3. Tobacco Smoking Status
2.4. Exposure to SHS
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Non-Smokers’ Exposure to Tobacco Smoke at Home, Work, and Hospitality Venues
3.2. Level of Exposure to SHS by Demographic Characteristics
3.3. Any Level of Exposure to SHS
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic and Smoking Characteristics | n (%) * | 95% CI |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Female | 1864 (51.8) | 48.5–55.0 |
Male | 1199 (48.2) | 44.9–51.5 |
Race | ||
Black African | 1872 (78.5) | 74.6–81.9 |
Coloured | 495 (9.0) | 7.1–11.4 |
White | 348 (9.6) | 7.4–12.5 |
Asian/Indian | 348 (2.8) | 2.1–3.9 |
Age | ||
16–24 | 498 (24.2) | 21.8–26.7 |
25–34 | 637 (26.5) | 24.2–28.9 |
35–44 | 613 (19.1) | 17.4–20.8 |
45–54 | 437 (13.4) | 11.7–15.4 |
55–64 | 413 (9.3) | 8.1–10.7 |
65+ | 465 (7.6) | 6.4–9.0 |
Highest Level of Education | ||
<Grade 12 | 1660 (54.3) | 50.9–57.6 |
Grade 12 | 895 (33.2) | 30.5–36.1 |
>Grade 12 | 441 (12.6) | 10.5–14.9 |
Marital Status | ||
Married | 1254 (38.6) | 35.9–41.3 |
Widowed/divorced/separated | 507 (10.3) | 8.9–11.8 |
Never married | 1189 (51.2) | 48.3–54.1 |
Geo-location | ||
Urban | 2324 (69.2) | 63.4–74.5 |
Rural | 739 (30.8) | 25.6–36.6 |
Smoking Status | ||
Current smoker | 651 (21.1) | 18.9–23.5 |
Non-smoker | 2367 (78.9) | 76.5–81.1 |
Demographic Characteristics | At Home | At Work | At Café/Restaurant | At Shebeen | Any Location | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposed % | p-Value | Exposed % | p-Value | Exposed % | p-Value | Exposed % | p-Value | Exposed % | p-Value | |
Total n (%) | 1000 (25.9) | 482 (13.1) | 726 (22.0) | 658 (18.8) | 1573 (46.6) | |||||
Gender | 0.332 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.001 * | 0.006 * | |||||
Female | 27.2 (23.6–31.3) | 8.8 (6.8–11.2) | 17.3 (14.6–20.3) | 13.5 (11.0–16.4) | 42.5 (38.5–46.6) | |||||
Male | 23.8 (18.4–30.3) | 19.6 (15.3–24.8) | 29.1 (24.2–34.5) | 26.5 (21.5–32.2) | 52.8 (46.6–58.8) | |||||
Race | 0.006 * | 0.303 | 0.081 | 0.001 * | 0.223 | |||||
Black African | 25.7 (21.9–30.0) | 12.7 (10.3–15.7) | 20.9 (18.0–24.1) | 20.4 (17.4–23.7) | 46.1 (42.1–50.2) | |||||
Coloured | 39.3 (30.0–49.4) | 12.3 (8.4–17.7) | 27.3 (20.9–34.8) | 12.1 (8.0–17.8) | 55.6 (46.8–64.0) | |||||
White | 17.4 (11.2–26.0) | 17.8 (12.2–25.3) | 28.6 (21.0–37.6) | 12.6 (7.6–20.2) | 43.9 (34.8–53.5) | |||||
Asian/Indian | 22.8 (13.1–36.7) | 13.2 (7.2–22.9) | 24.0 (15.3–35.50 | 3.9 (1.8–8.2) | 47.9 (37.5–58.6) | |||||
Age | 0.085 | 0.007 * | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | <0.001 * | |||||
16–24 | 30.4 (23.7–38.1) | 10.6 (6.8–16.2) | 30.0 (23.9–36.9) | 24.4 (19.0–30.7) | 54.6 (47.2–61.7) | |||||
25–34 | 28.1 (21.7–35.6) | 16.1 (11.7–21.8) | 21.7 (17.1–27.0) | 23.3 (17.7–29.9) | 50.2 (43.3–57.1) | |||||
35–44 | 24.5 (18.6 -31.6) | 18.1 (12.6–25.2) | 21.5 (16.4–27.7) | 20.0 (15.1–26.0) | 47.9 (41.1–54.7) | |||||
45–54 | 24.5 (17.8–32.6) | 14.0 (9.3–20.5) | 21.7 (15.2–30.0) | 13.5 (8.3–21.2) | 41.2 (33.6–49.2) | |||||
55–64 | 21.7 (15.6–29.4) | 8.7 (5.2–14.4) | 13.7 (9.3–19.9) | 8.4 (4.1–16.4) | 40.0 (32.6–47.8) | |||||
65+ | 14.9 (10.6–20.5) | 3.1 (1.1–8.5) | 11.2 (7.4–16.5) | 5.0 (2.6–9.5) | 24.1 (18.9–30.0) | |||||
Highest Level of Education | 0.009 * | <0.001 * | 0.037 * | 0.021 * | 0.041 * | |||||
<Grade 12 | 26.5 (22.8–30.6) | 8.6 (6.5–11.4) | 19.1 (15.9–22.8) | 15.3 (12.4–18.8) | 43.6 (39.4–47.9) | |||||
Grade 12 | 29.6 (23.3–36.7) | 15.4 (11.5–20.2) | 23.0 (18.8–27.8) | 22.9 (19.1–27.3) | 52.1 (46.1–58.0) | |||||
>Grade 12 | 14.8 (9.8–21.6) | 23.8 (16.4–33.3) | 28.7 (21.5–37.1) | 21.8 (14.7–31.2) | 44.3 (36.2–52.8) | |||||
Marital Status | 0.016 * | 0.013 * | 0.097 | 0.026 * | 0.036 * | |||||
Married | 23.7 (19.3–28.9) | 16.5 (13.4–20.2) | 20.8 (16.7–25.5) | 16.9 (12.6 -22.2) | 45.7 (40.7–50.8) | |||||
Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 18.3 (13.3–24.6) | 7.2 (4.0–12.8) | 15.2 (10.4–21.6) | 10.3 (5.8–17.6) | 37.5 (30.6–44.9) | |||||
Never Married | 29.9 (25.0–35.3) | 11.5 (8.5–15.5) | 24.1 (20.2–28.4) | 21.9 (18.3–25.9) | 49.9 (44.9–55.0) | |||||
Geo-location | 0.429 | 0.231 | 0.128 | 0.807 | 0.396 | |||||
Urban | 26.8 (22.5–31.5) | 14.1 (11.5–17.2) | 20.5 (17.8–23.5) | 18.6 (15.5–22.0) | 47.7 (43.4–51.9) | |||||
Rural | 23.9 (19.1–29.6) | 11.0 (7.7–15.6) | 25.3 (20.0–31.6) | 19.3 (14.7–24.9) | 44.4 (38.4–50.6) |
Demographic Characteristics | No Exposure % (95% CI) | Low Exposure % (95% CI) | Moderate Exposure % (95% CI) | High Exposure % (95% CI) | Very High Exposure % (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total n (%) | 1398 (52.7) | 767 (26.6) | 544 (14.7) | 207 (4.1) | 55 (1.9) | |
Gender | 0.001 * | |||||
Female | 57.0 (52.8–61.1) | 27.6 (24.1–31.4) | 11.1 (9.1–13.4) | 3.0 (2.0–4.6) | 1.4 (0.6–3.1) | |
Male | 46.2 (40.1–52.4) | 25.1 (20.4–30.6) | 20.2 (16.2–25.0) | 5.7 (3.7–8.8) | 2.7 (1.2–6.1) | |
Race | 0.017 * | |||||
Black African | 53.3 (49.2–57.4) | 26.4 (23.0–30.0) | 14.0 (11.6–16.8) | 4.1 (2.7–6.0) | 2.3 (1.3–4.1) | |
Coloured | 41.4 (33.2–50.2) | 34.6 (26.4–43.8) | 20.0 (14.2–27.3) | 3.7 (2.0–6.9) | 0.3 (0.1–2.4) | |
White | 56.0 (46.4–65.1) | 19.0 (13.0–26.9) | 20.2 (13.5–29.1) | 4.9 (2.1–10.8) | 0.1 (0.0–0.4) | |
Asian/Indian | 51.4 (40.7–62.0) | 38.3 (27.6–50.2) | 6.8 (3.4–13.0) | 3.5 (1.4–8.9) | 0 | |
Age | 0.001 * | |||||
16–24 | 45.1 (37.9–52.5) | 31.6 (24.5–39.7) | 15.3 (10.8–21.2) | 3.8 (2.1–6.8) | 4.3 (1.8–9.7) | |
25–34 | 49.2 (42.3–56.2) | 25.8 (19.9–32.7) | 18.7 (14.5–23.8) | 5.5 (2.8–10.5) | 0.8 (0.3–2.3) | |
35–44 | 50.5 (43.7–57.4) | 26.7 (21.1–33.1) | 16.9 (12.4–22.6) | 3.7 (1.7–7.6) | 2.2 (0.7–6.7) | |
45–54 | 57.9 (49.7–65.7) | 21.0 (15.4–28.0) | 13.5 (9.3–19.4) | 6.1 (2.3–15.0) | 1.5 (0.4–5.6) | |
55–64 | 59.7 (51.8–67.1) | 31.1 (24.2–38.9) | 7.3 (4.0–12.8) | 2.0 (0.9–4.3) | 0 | |
65+ | 75.6 (69.6–80.8) | 17.5 (13.3–22.7) | 5.4 (2.9–9.9) | 1.0 (0.2–3.8) | 0.5 (0.1–3.0) | |
Highest Level of Education | 0.004 * | |||||
<Grade 12 | 55.7 (51.4–60.0) | 27.8 (23.9–32.0) | 11.9 (9.6–14.8) | 3.1 (1.9–5.1) | 1.5 (0.7–3.2) | |
Garde 12 | 47.6 (41.6–53.6) | 28.8 (23.5–34.9) | 15.5 (11.9–19.9) | 5.0 (3.0–8.1) | 3.2 (1.4–6.8) | |
>Grade 12 | 55.6 (47.1–63.7) | 16.2 (11.7–21.9) | 21.8 (15.2–30.3) | 6.0 (2.7–13.0) | 0.5 (0.1–3.2) | |
Marital Status | 0.008 * | |||||
Married | 53.7 (48.6–58.8) | 24.5 (21.1–28.3) | 16.5 (12.8–21.0) | 4.5 (2.4–8.2) | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) | |
Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 61.9 (54.2–68.9) | 27.4 (21.1–34.8) | 9.6 (5.9–15.2) | 1.0 (0.3–3.3) | 0.2 (0.0–0.9) | |
Never Married | 49.6 (44.5–54.7) | 28.7 (24.1–33.7) | 14.4 (11.4–17.9) | 4.2 (2.7–6.5) | 3.2 (1.6–6.1) | |
Geo-location | 0.760 | |||||
Urban | 51.8 (47.5–56.1) | 27.6 (24.0–31.6) | 15.1 (12.5–18.0) | 3.9 (2.5–6.0) | 1.6 (0.8–3.5) | |
Rural | 54.6 (48.4–60.7) | 24.4 (19.8–29.7) | 14.0 (10.3–18.8) | 4.5 (2.6–7.6) | 2.5 (1.0–5.8) |
Co-Variates | AOR | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Female | 0.63 | (0.47–0.86) | 0.003 * |
Male | Ref. | ||
Race | |||
Black African | Ref. | ||
Coloured | 1.69 | (1.11–2.57) | 0.014 * |
White | 0.90 | (0.55–1.48) | 0.677 |
Asian/Indian | 1.14 | (0.69–1.89) | 0.615 |
Age | |||
16–24 | Ref. | ||
25–34 | 0.92 | (0.62–1.36) | 0.657 |
35–44 | 0.82 | (0.53–1.25) | 0.347 |
45–54 | 0.60 | (0.36–1.00) | 0.048 * |
55–64 | 0.55 | (0.33–0.91) | 0.021 * |
65+ | 0.24 | (0.14–0.41) | <0.001* |
Education | |||
<12 Grade 12 | Ref. | ||
Grade 12 | 1.07 | (0.78–1.47) | 0.672 |
>Grade 12 | 0.81 | (0.53–1.23) | 0.315 |
Marital Status | |||
Married | Ref. | ||
Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 1.19 | (0.79–1.81) | 0.406 |
Never Married | 0.94 | (0.69–1.27) | 0.670 |
Geo-location | |||
Urban | Ref. | ||
Rural | 0.92 | (0.67–1.26) | 0.584 |
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Ngobese, S.P.; Egbe, C.O.; Londani, M.; Ayo-Yusuf, O.A. Non-Smoker’s Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke in South Africa during 2017. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218112
Ngobese SP, Egbe CO, Londani M, Ayo-Yusuf OA. Non-Smoker’s Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke in South Africa during 2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):8112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218112
Chicago/Turabian StyleNgobese, Senamile P., Catherine O. Egbe, Mukhethwa Londani, and Olalekan A. Ayo-Yusuf. 2020. "Non-Smoker’s Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke in South Africa during 2017" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218112