PFAS Environmental Pollution and Antioxidant Responses: An Overview of the Impact on Human Field
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. PFAS and Their Distribution in the Environment
2.1. First Case: The USA
2.2. European Situation
2.3. Veneto Region
3. Epidemiological Studies
3.1. The C8 Health Project
- Helsingør Statement on Poly- and Perfluorinated Alkyl substances (PFAS) [137];
- The Madrid Statement on Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) [110];
- Zürich Statement on Future Actions on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) [138].
- These statements increased the consciousness of researchers, managers and communities on the PFAS issues.
3.2. Studies after the C8 Health Project and Panel
4. Mammals: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Correlating PFAS Levels and Oxidative Stress
4.1. PFAS Affect Oxidative Stress Biomarkers In Vitro
4.2. PFAS Affect Oxidative Stress Biomarkers In Vivo
5. Oxidative Stress in Human Health Due to PFAS Pollution
5.1. Male Infertility
5.2. Female Infertility
5.3. Pregnant Women and Developmental Consequences
5.4. Kidney and Thyroid Disorders
5.5. Cholesterol
5.6. Diabetes
5.7. Platelets and Cardiovascular Desease
6. PFAS and Oxidative Stress in Other Vertebrates
6.1. Chemical Data
6.2. Biochemical Data
6.3. Biomolecular Data
Species | PFAS | Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|
Carassius auratus | PFOA | Increased ROS formation 1, lipid peroxidation 2, GSH decrease 3, SOD induction 4, CAT induction 4, GPX inhibition 4, GR induction 4 | [184] |
Danio rerio | PFOA | CAT inhibition 7, cat down-regulation 8, prdx down-regulation 8 | [281] |
Danio rerio | PFOS | Increased ROS formation 1, lipid peroxidation 2, SOD induction 4, CAT induction 4, GPX induction 4, nrf2 up-regulation 5 | [307] |
Danio rerio | PFOS | Increased ROS formation 1, lipid peroxidation 2, SOD induction 4, CAT inhibition 4, GPX induction 4, sod down-regulation 5, cat down-regulation 5, gpx down-regulation 5 | [308] |
Danio rerio | PFOS | Increased ROS formation 1, SOD induction 4, GPX induction 4 | [309] |
Danio rerio | PFNA | Increased ROS formation 1 | [310] |
Danio rerio | PFOA, PFNA | Lipid peroxidation 6, gpx up-regulation 4, prdx up-regulation 5 | [314] |
Danio rerio | PFPiAs | gpx up-regulation 5, prdx up-regulation 5, msr up-regulation 5 | [331] |
Gallus gallus domesticus | PFOS | SOD induction 4 | [319] |
Gobiocypris rarus | PFOA | gpx down-regulation 5, prdx up-regulation 5, msr up-regulation 5 | [329] |
Gobiocypris rarus | PFOA | gpx up-regulation 5 | [330] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | Increased ROS formation 1, apoptosis 11, SOD induction 4, CAT induction 4, GR induction 4, GPX inhibition 4 | [192] |
Homo sapiens | PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFDoA | Increased ROS formation 1, increased DNA damage 9, antioxidant defense inhibition 10 | [196] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | Estrogenicity and anti-estrogenicity 12 | [202] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA | Estradiol production 13, progesterone 13 production, testosterone production 13 | [203] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | Thyroid diseases | [213] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | Chronic kidney diseases | [216] |
Homo sapiens | PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA | Decreased eGFR 14 | [217] |
Homo sapiens | PFHxs, PFOA, PFOS | Increased cholesterol outcomes 15 | [218] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA | Hyperglycemia 16, increased serum HDL cholesterol 16, increased blood insulin 17 | [219] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | Increased blood levels of glucocorticoid 17, increased blood levels of androgenic hormones 18 | [222] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | Increased total adiponectin levels 19, body weight decrease | [223] |
Homo sapiens | PFHxS, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA | Allergic diseases | [224] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | Polyunsuturated fatty acids levels decrease 20, birth weight decrease | [225] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA | Up-regulation of progesterone activated genes 5 | [242] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | Increased T4 levels 21 | [260] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA | Reduced fetal growth | [261] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | Reduced birth weight | [262] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | Reduced cord serum concentrations and birth weight size | [265] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | Affected growth of organs and the skeleton | [267] |
Homo sapiens | PFBS, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFTA, PFDoA | Asthma | [268] |
Homo sapiens | PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA | Asthma | [270] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | High insulin and trygliceride concentrations | [272] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS, PFDeA | Changes in lipid profile 16, changes in ALT levels 16 | [274] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, PFDeA, PFOSA, Et-PFOSA, Me-PFOSA | Increased TSH22, increased eGFR 14 | [278] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | Reduced birth weight | [284] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | Increased cholesterol outcomes 16 | [287] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS | High serum cholesterol 16 | [290] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS | High serum cholesterol 16 | [291] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA | HNF4α inhibition 23, hnf4α down-regulation 5 | [296] |
Homo sapiens | PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA | Potential diabetogenic effect | [300] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA, PFOS | Potential adiposity, decreased beta-cell function | [301] |
Homo sapiens | PFOA | Impaired platelet aggregation and increased cardiovascular risk | [305] |
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus | PFPA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFUnA, PFDoA | Increased PPARα activity 24 | [65] |
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus | PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFHxA, PFNA, PFDA, PFBA, PFBS | Increased PPARα activity 24 | [280] |
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus | PFOA, PFOS | Increased PPARα activity 24, increased PPARβ activity 24, increased PPARγ activity 24 | [211] |
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus | PFOA, PFOS | Reduced birth weight | [266] |
Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus | PFOA, PFOS | Up-regulation of multiple nuclear receptor genes 5 | [285] |
Micropterus salmoides | PFOS | gpx up-regulation 8, sod down-regulation 8, cat up-regulation 8, prdx down-regulation 8 | [332] |
Mus musculus | PFOA | Lipid peroxidation 25, amylase induction, lipase induction, sod1 up-regulation 5, sod2 up-regulation5, gpx2 up-regulation 5, nqo1 up-regulation 5 | [204] |
Mus musculus | PFOS | Increased in peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation 4, increased peroxisomal catalase activity 4 | [208] |
Mus musculus | PFOA | pparα up-regulation 5, pparγ up-regulation 5 | [209] |
Mus musculus | PFOS | Serum testosterone decrease 19, epididymal sperm counts decrease, down-regulation of genes encoding testicular receptors for gonadotropin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1 and steroidogenic enzymes 5 | [234] |
Mus musculus | PFOA | Damaged seminiferous tubules, reduced sperm quality, reduced serum testosterone and progesterone levels 13, INSL3 enzyme decrease 23, cytochrome P450 decrease 23 | [235] |
Mus musculus | PFOS | Immune response induction 19 | [269] |
Oncorhynchus mykiss | PFOA | CAT inhibition4 | [324] |
Oreochromis niloticus | PFOA, PFOS | Increased ROS formation 1, lipid peroxidation 2, GSH decrease 3 | [306] |
Oryzias latipes | PFOA | SOD inhibition 4, CAT inhibition 4 | [322] |
Pelophylaxnigro maculatus | PFOA | nrf2 up-regulation 5 | [313] |
Perca flavescens | PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, PFECHS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFDoA, PFTriA, PFTetraA | SOD induction 4, CAT induction 4, cat down-regulation 5 | [321] |
Pimephales promelas | PFOA, PFOS | Lipid peroxidation 6 | [315] |
Rattus norvegicus | PFOA | Increased ROS formation 1, increased mithocondrial superoxide formation 25, increased nitric oxide formation 1, apoptosis 19, increased proinflammatory cytokines 19, reduced adenosine triphosphate levels 26, reduced cardiolipin peroxidation 27, reduced cytochrome c release 19 | [200] |
Rattus norvegicus | PFOA | Increased ACO activity 4, increased PPARα activity 24 | [207] |
Rattus norvegicus | PFDoA | Serum testosterone decrease 19, serum estradiol decrease 19, down-regulation of genes involved in cholesterol transport and steroid biosynthesis 5 | [233] |
Rattus norvegicus | PFOA | Up-regulation of genes involved in metabolism of lipids, cell communication, growth, hormone regulatory pathways, proteolysis, peptidolysis and signal transduction 8, down-regulation of genes involved in inflammation and immunity, regulation of hormones, general metabolism and G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathways 8 | [294] |
Salmo salar | PFOA, PFOS | sod up-regulation 5, cat up-regulation 5, gpx up-regulation5 | [328] |
Ursus marittimus | PFASs | Increased levels of brain steroid hormones 28 | [295] |
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
acyl CoA oxidase | ACO |
Alkaline Phosphatase | ALP |
Aminotransferase | ALT |
Androgen Receptor | AR |
Bisphenol A | BPA |
Catalase | CAT |
Cyclooxygenase 2 | COX–2 |
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene | DDE |
Endocrine Disruptors | ED |
Glutamyl-Cysteine Ligase | GCL |
Glomerular Filtration Rate | GFR |
γ–glutamyl transferase | GGT |
Glutathione peroxidase | GPx |
Glutathione Reductase | GR |
Glutathione S-transferase | GST |
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha | HNF4α |
Health Protection Agency | HPA |
insulin like factor 3 | INSL3 |
Luteinizing Hormone | LH |
Methionine sulfoxide reductases | Msr |
Normal Granulosa Cells | N–GCs |
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey | NHANES |
Nurses’ Health Study II | NHSII |
Nitric Oxide | NO |
Polychlorinated Biphenyls | PCBs |
Granulosa Cells from Polycystic Ovaries | PCO–GCs |
Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances | PFAS |
Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids | PFCA |
Perfluorinated compounds | PFCs |
Perfluorobutanoic acid | PFBA |
Perfluorobutane sulfonate | PFBS |
Perfluorodecanoic acid | PFDA |
Perfluorododecanoic acid | PFDoA |
Perfluoroheptanoic acid | PFHpA |
Perfluorohexanoic acid | PFHxA |
Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid | PFHxS |
Perfluorononanoic acid | PFNA |
Perfluorooctanoic acid | PFOA |
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid | PFOS |
Perfluoropentanoic acid | PFPeA |
Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acid | PFPiAs |
Perfluoroundecanoic acid | PFUnA |
Persistent Mobile Organic Contaminants | PMOC |
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor | PPAR |
Peroxiredoxins | Prdx |
Reactive Oxygen Species | ROS |
Stress Granules | SG |
Superoxide Dismutase | SOD |
Type 2 Diabetes | T2D |
Thyroxine | T4 |
Total Antioxidant Capacity | TAC |
Total Cholesterol | TC |
Tolerable Daily Intake | TDI |
Triglycerides | TG |
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PFAS | Use | Structure | Molecular Weight | Confirmed Toxic Effects |
---|---|---|---|---|
PFBA | synthetic chemistry | 214.04 | unknown | |
PFPeA | breakdown product of stain and grease-proof coatings on food packaging, couches, carpets | 264.05 | yes [61] | |
PFHxA | unknown | 314.05 | yes [62] | |
PFHpA | breakdown product of stain and grease-proof coatings on food packaging, couches, carpets | 364.06 | yes [63,64,65] | |
PFOA | water and oil repellant in fabrics and textiles, food packaging | 414.07 | yes [66,67,68] | |
PFNA | surfactant for synthesis of textiles and polymers | 464.08 | yes [61,69,70,71] | |
PFDA | breakdown product of stain and grease-proof coatings on food packaging, couches, carpets | 514.08 | yes [72,73] | |
PFUnA | unknown | 564.09 | yes [74] | |
PFDoA | unknown | 614.1 | yes [75,76,77] | |
PFBS | stain repellant | 300.1 | yes [78] | |
PFHxS | surfactant for textiles | 400.11 | unknown | |
PFOS | firefighting foam, textiles | 500.13 | yes [79,80,81] |
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Bonato, M.; Corrà, F.; Bellio, M.; Guidolin, L.; Tallandini, L.; Irato, P.; Santovito, G. PFAS Environmental Pollution and Antioxidant Responses: An Overview of the Impact on Human Field. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218020
Bonato M, Corrà F, Bellio M, Guidolin L, Tallandini L, Irato P, Santovito G. PFAS Environmental Pollution and Antioxidant Responses: An Overview of the Impact on Human Field. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):8020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218020
Chicago/Turabian StyleBonato, Marco, Francesca Corrà, Marta Bellio, Laura Guidolin, Laura Tallandini, Paola Irato, and Gianfranco Santovito. 2020. "PFAS Environmental Pollution and Antioxidant Responses: An Overview of the Impact on Human Field" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218020