Assessment of Soil Erosion at Multiple Spatial Scales Following Land Use Changes in 1980–2017 in the Black Soil Region, (NE) China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Description of the RUSLE and Data Treatment
3. Results
3.1. LULC Changes in NEC
3.2. Changes in Soil Erosion
4. Discussion
4.1. Model Performance
4.2. Impact of LULC Change on Soil Erosion
4.3. Impact of Topography on Soil Erosion
4.4. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rice | Corn | Soybean | Wheat | Millet | Sorghum | Tuber | Others | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HLJ | Area | 381.0 | 644.3 | 312.5 | 11.3 | 3.2 | 6.1 | 20.8 | 93.6 |
Percentage | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 | |
JL | Area | 80.0 | 424.2 | 18.8 | - | - | 10.6 | 6.1 | 66.6 |
Percentage | 0.13 | 0.70 | 0.03 | - | - | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.11 | |
LN | Area | 47.6 | 279.0 | 7.0 | 0.3 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 7.9 | 75.0 |
Percentage | 0.11 | 0.66 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.18 |
%1980 | %1990 | %2000 | %2010 | %2017 | %P1 | %P2 | %P3 | %P4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arable land | 27 | 29 | 30 | 35 | 32 | 7 | 3 | 16 | −7 |
Forest | 38 | 37 | 37 | 34 | 37 | −4 | 0 | −7 | 9 |
Grassland | 21 | 20 | 19 | 25 | 25 | −4 | −2 | 30 | −3 |
Shrubland | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 20 | −9 | −98 | 67 |
Wetland | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | −5 | −5 | −66 | −98 |
Water body | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −4 | −50 | 0.00 |
Residential areas | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | −1 | −1 | 6 |
Bare land | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | −11 | 36 | 80 |
Other unused lands | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −19 | 24 | −100 | 0 |
Sampling | Gradient (°) | Land Use | Size | Method | Erosion Rate (mm yr−1) | Erosion Rate * (Mg ha−1 yr−1) | Current Study (Mg ha−1 yr−1) | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | Time | ||||||||
1–1 | 2005 | 3–5 | UPC | Natural slope | 137Cs tracer | 3.90 | 50.7 | 15.76 | [14] |
1–2 | 2005 | 2.2–3.5 | UPC | Natural slope | 137Cs tracer | 1.87 | 24.31 | 12.81 | [14] |
3–1 | 2003–2004 | 6–10 | UPC | Natural slope | 137Cs tracer | - | 29.0 | 20.0 | [45] |
5–1 | 2004 | 2.8 | UPC | Natural slope | 137Cs tracer | 1.80 | 23.40 | 6.1 | [14] |
5–2 | 2005 | 0.5–3.5 | UPC | Natural slope | 137Cs tracer | 1.00–2.66 | 21.76 | 11.4 | [14] |
4–1 | 1985–1990 | 5.0 | Bare land | 20 m plot | Monitoring | 1.97 | 25.61 | 18.7 | [14] |
2 | 1985–1990 | 5.0 | Bare land | 20 m plot | Monitoring | 3.31 | 43.03 | 16.4 | [14] |
5–1 | 2003–2004 | 5.0 | Bare land | 20 m plot | Monitoring | 3.91 | 50.83 | 16.4 | [14] |
5–2 | 2003–2004 | 1.6 | UPC | 100 m plot | Monitoring | 0.65 | 8.45 | 1.43 | [18] |
5–3 | 2003–2004 | 2.0 | UPC | 200 m plot | Monitoring | 0.89 | 11.57 | 2.5 | [14] |
3–2 | 1980–1985 | 5 | UPC | 20 m plot | Monitoring | 0.456 | 6.84 | 4.35 | [47] |
3–3 | 1980–1985 | 5 | UPC | 20 m plot | Monitoring | 0.198 | 2.97 | 4.35 | [47] |
5–4 | 2011 | 0–3 | UPC | 28.5 ha catchment | 137Cs tracer | - | 2.2 | 2.8 | [15] |
5–5 | 2007 | 0–5 | UPC | 3 km2 catchment | 137Cs tracer | - | 11.10 | 2.67 | [44] |
3–4 | 2010 | 0–8 | Forest | 916 km2 catchment | Modeling | - | 1.48 | 1.77 | [10] |
3–5 | 2010 | 0–8 | Shrubland | 916 km2 catchment | Modeling | - | 2.58 | 5.27 | [10] |
3–6 | 2010 | 0–8.16 | Grassland | 916 km2 catchment | Modeling | - | 1.09 | 4.33 | [10] |
3–7 | 2010 | 0–8.16 | Multiple | 916 km2 catchment | Modeling | - | 2.58 | 2.54 | [10] |
6 | 2002 | 0–40 | Multiple | 108,900 km2 | Modeling | 2.26 | 1.81 | [42] |
LULC class | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | ||||||
Mean | SLA | Percent | Mean | SLA | Percent | Mean | SLA | Percent | |
Arable | 5.59 | 199.82 | 40 | 6.07 | 216.95 | 40 | 5.80 | 214.12 | 42 |
Forest | 1.74 | 79.11 | 16 | 1.73 | 78.82 | 14 | 1.77 | 80.56 | 16 |
Grassland | 4.05 | 99.74 | 20 | 4.30 | 105.86 | 20 | 4.34 | 104.28 | 20 |
Shrubland | 15.83 | 79.05 | 16 | 18.37 | 91.70 | 17 | 15.27 | 69.33 | 13 |
Water area | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 |
Unused land | 0.85 | 1.15 | 0 | 0.42 | 0.57 | 0 | 0.38 | 0.64 | 0 |
Residential | 1.45 | 4.25 | 1 | 1.49 | 4.35 | 1 | 1.45 | 4.20 | 1 |
Bare land | 34.49 | 42.19 | 8 | 39.03 | 47.74 | 9 | 37.95 | 41.50 | 8 |
2010 | 2017 | Five-year mean | |||||||
Mean | SLA | Percent | Mean | SLA | Percent | Mean | SLA | Percent | |
Arable | 5.98 | 256.52 | 46 | 4.47 | 178.53 | 34 | 5.58 | 213.19 | 40 |
Forest | 1.76 | 74.57 | 14 | 1.77 | 82.13 | 16 | 1.75 | 79.04 | 15 |
Grassland | 6.32 | 197.97 | 36 | 4.92 | 149.61 | 29 | 4.79 | 131.49 | 25 |
Shrubland | 6.59 | 0.53 | 0 | 58.35 | 7.06 | 1 | 22.88 | 49.53 | 9 |
Water area | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 |
Unused land | 9.58 | 0.01 | 0 | 8.71 | 0.00 | 0 | 3.99 | 0.47 | 0 |
Residential | 1.31 | 3.76 | 1 | 1.88 | 5.72 | 1 | 1.52 | 4.46 | 1 |
Bare land | 12.54 | 18.60 | 3 | 36.08 | 96.69 | 19 | 32.02 | 49.34 | 9 |
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Fang, H.; Fan, Z. Assessment of Soil Erosion at Multiple Spatial Scales Following Land Use Changes in 1980–2017 in the Black Soil Region, (NE) China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7378. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207378
Fang H, Fan Z. Assessment of Soil Erosion at Multiple Spatial Scales Following Land Use Changes in 1980–2017 in the Black Soil Region, (NE) China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(20):7378. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207378
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Haiyan, and Zemeng Fan. 2020. "Assessment of Soil Erosion at Multiple Spatial Scales Following Land Use Changes in 1980–2017 in the Black Soil Region, (NE) China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7378. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207378