Cookstove Smoke Impact on Ambient Air Quality and Probable Consequences for Human Health in Rural Locations of Southern Nepal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Site
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Ambient Measurements
3.2. Inside-Outside Concentration Measurements
3.3. Kitchen and Fuel Composition
3.4. Emission Factor Calculation
3.5. Air Q+
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Inside/Outside Cookstove Emissions
Kitchen | Concentration (µg/m3) | Concentration (ppm) | Emission Factor (g/kg) | MCE | Out/In (%) Contribution | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In | Out | In | Out | In | Out | |||||||||||||
PM2.5 | BC | PM2.5 | BC | CO | CO2 | CO | CO2 | CO2 | CO | PM2.5 | BC | CO | PM2.5 | BC | PM2.5 | BC | ||
1 | 1527 | 476 | 772 | 314 | 36 | 568 | 26 | 422 | 1716 | 68 | 6.2 | 1.9 | 66 | 4.2 | 1.7 | 0.94 | 68 | 89 |
2 | 6753 | 1213 | 1691 | 376 | 75 | 563 | 32 | 244 | 1580 | 135 | 25.4 | 4.6 | 133 | 14.8 | 3.3 | 0.88 | 58 | 72 |
3 | 4513 | 707 | 3083 | 493 | 69 | 708 | 51 | 529 | 1647 | 102 | 14.1 | 2.2 | 10 | 12.9 | 2.1 | 0.91 | 92 | 93 |
4 | 9533 | 1616 | 2115 | 514 | 132 | 1372 | 57 | 669 | 1657 | 101 | 15.4 | 2.6 | 91 | 7.1 | 1.7 | 0.91 | 46 | 66 |
Average | 5581 | 1003 | 1915 | 424 | 78 | 803 | 41 | 466 | 1650 | 101 | 15.3 | 2.8 | 97 | 9.8 | 2.2 | 0.91 | 66 | 80 |
Previous studies | Location | |||||||||||||||||
Kurmi et al. [62] | 5648 | - | - | - | Nepal (n = 24) | |||||||||||||
Chen et al. [38] | 3469 | - | - | - | Nepal (n = 2980) | |||||||||||||
Jayarathne et al. [39] | 9027 | - | - | - | Nepal (n = 18) (Lab) | |||||||||||||
Sota et al. [63] | 10,563 | - | - | - | Senegal (n = 8) | |||||||||||||
Roden and Bond [44] | - | - | 4.9–16.1 | 0.2–3.4 | Hondurus (n = 12) | |||||||||||||
Venkataraman et al. [69] | - | - | - | 0.38–0.62 | India (n = 4) | |||||||||||||
Street et al. [21] | - | - | 3.90 | - | Estimation | |||||||||||||
Akagi et al. [41] | - | - | 6.64 | 0.83 | Compilation | |||||||||||||
Stockwell et al. [40] | - | - | 0.22 | - | Nepal (n = 2) | |||||||||||||
Jayarathne et al. [39] | 12,877 | 677.9 | 10.66 | - | Nepal (n = 2) | |||||||||||||
Grieshop et al. [67] | - | - | 1.70 | 0.24–2.4 | India (n = 26) | |||||||||||||
Guofeng et al. [43] | - | - | 2.2 | 0.83 | China (n = 17) | |||||||||||||
Dasch [70] | - | - | 10 | - | India (n = 18) | |||||||||||||
Saud et al. [71] | - | - | 4.34 | - | India (n = 18) | |||||||||||||
Saud et al. [29] | - | - | - | 0.35 | India (n = 17) |
4.2. Ambient PM2.5 Variation with Meteorology
4.3. Estimating the Effect of Cookstove
4.4. Health Risk Assessment Using Air Q+
4.5. Limitation
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Data Availability
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HHS Number | Cookstove | Cookstove Materials | Fuel | Date | Cooking Time | Cooking Duration (Minutes) | Ventilation Status (Based on Observation) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Traditional one pot mud cookstove | Mud, stone | Biomass | 03/04/2017 | Evening | 32 | Medium (one door with one window) |
2 | Traditional one pot mud cookstove | Mud, stone | Biomass | 04/04/2017 | Morning | 42 | Poor (one door with no window) |
3 | Traditional one pot mud cookstove | Mud, stone | Biomass | 04/04/2017 | Evening | 62 | Medium (one door with one window) |
4 | Traditional one pot mud cookstove | Mud, stone | Biomass | 05/04/2017 | Morning | 64 | Poor (one door with no window) |
Period | Background PM2.5 (µg/m3) | Village PM2.5 (µg/m3) | Average Exceedance (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Cooking | 84.94 ± 18.96 | 116.94 ± 38.97 | 37.67 |
Noncooking | 66.85 ± 8.58 | 67.64 ± 10.48 | 1.18 |
Twenty Days Average | 84.47 ± 28.73 | 98.43 ± 47.17 | 16.53 |
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Adhikari, S.; Mahapatra, P.S.; Pokheral, C.P.; Puppala, S.P. Cookstove Smoke Impact on Ambient Air Quality and Probable Consequences for Human Health in Rural Locations of Southern Nepal. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020550
Adhikari S, Mahapatra PS, Pokheral CP, Puppala SP. Cookstove Smoke Impact on Ambient Air Quality and Probable Consequences for Human Health in Rural Locations of Southern Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(2):550. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020550
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdhikari, Sagar, Parth Sarathi Mahapatra, Chiranjibi Prasad Pokheral, and Siva Praveen Puppala. 2020. "Cookstove Smoke Impact on Ambient Air Quality and Probable Consequences for Human Health in Rural Locations of Southern Nepal" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020550