Effects of Moderate Combined Resistance- and Aerobic-Exercise for 12 Weeks on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness, and Physical Functions, among Obese Older Men: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Anthropometric Characteristics and Body Composition
2.4. Blood Pressure
2.5. Arterial Stiffness
2.6. Blood Biochemistry
2.7. Physical Performance
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body Composition
3.2. BP and Arterial Stiffness
3.3. Cardionascular Risk Factors
3.4. Cardiopulmonary Fitness and Muscular Strength
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | CON | EXP | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Number | 10 | 10 | - |
Age (years) | 68.5 (0.9) | 69.1 (0.9) | 0.137 |
Height (cm) | 165.8 (4.8) | 164.1 (3.8) | 0.409 |
Body weight (kg) | 71.6 (5.0) | 70.7 (3.8) | 0.670 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 (0.4) | 26.2 (0.5) | 0.307 |
Free fat mass (kg) | 45.4 (3.17) | 44.8 (2.4) | 0.671 |
Body fat (%) | 32.7 (1.8) | 32.4 (1.4) | 0.670 |
Variables | CON | EXP | η2 (p) Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | p-Value | Cohen’s d (95% CI) | Before | After | p-Value | Cohen’s d (95% CI) | Group | Time | Interaction | |
Body weight (kg) | 71.6 (5.0) | 72.3 (5.1) | 0.203 | 0.14 (−0.71, 0.97) | 70.7 (3.8) | 69.2 (4.1) | 0.001 ** | −0.37 (−1.20, 0.49) | 0.051 (0.338) | 0.096 (0.183) | 0.442 (0.001) † |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 (0.4) | 26.3 (0.8) | 0.193 | 0.38 (−0.48, 1.21) | 26.2 (0.5) | 25.7 (0.6) | 0.001 ** | −0.93 (−1.78, −0.01) | 0.037 (0.418) | 0.101 (0.173) | 0.451 (0.001) † |
Free fat mass (kg) | 45.4 (3.17) | 44.4 (3.1) | 0.013 * | −0.31 −1.15, 0.54 | 44.8 (2.4) | 45.2 (2.7) | 0.064 | 0.15 (−0.70, 0.98) | 0.001 (0.906) | 0.117 (0.140) | 0.437 (0.001) † |
Body fat (%) | 32.7 (1.8) | 34.3 (1.9) | 0.000 *** | 0.90 (−0.02, 1.74) | 32.4 (1.4) | 30.4 (1.4) | 0.000 *** | −1.39 (−2.27, −0.40) | 0.323 (0.009) † | 0.060 (0.298) | 0.940 (0.000) † |
Variables | CON | EXP | η2 (p) Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | p-Value | Cohen’s d (95% CI) | Before | After | p-Value | Cohen’s d (95% CI) | Group | Time | Interaction | |
SBP (mmHg) | 133.0 (3.4) | 134.6 (3.3) | 0.003 ** | 0.45 (−0.42, 1.28) | 136.8 (2.9) | 134.4 (2.5) | 0.000 *** | −0.81 (−1.65, 0.09) | 0.092 (0.193) | 0.170 (0.071) | 0.798 (0.000) † |
DBP (mmHg) | 88.8 (4.0) | 89.9 (3.2) | 0.159 | 0.28 (−0.57, 1.12) | 92.7 (3.0) | 92.6 (3.3) | 0.880 | −0.01 (−0.85, 0.83) | 0.220 (0.037) † | 0.097 (0.181) | 0.111 (0.152) |
MAP (mmHg) | 103.6 (3.2) | 104.8 (2.5) | 0.056 | 0.40 (−0.46, 1.23) | 107.4 (2.17) | 106.6 (2.4) | 0.000 *** | −0.29 (−1.12, 0.57) | 0.260 (0.022) † | 0.027 (0.488) | 0.420 (0.002) † |
PP (mmHg) | 44.2 (4.5) | 44.7 (4.2) | 0.466 | 0.09 (−0.75, 0.93) | 44.1 (4.3) | 41.8 (4.8) | 0.001 ** | −0.56 (−1.39, 0.32) | 0.034 (0.438) | 0.268 (0.019) | 0.429 (0.002) † |
Variables | CON | EXP | η2 (p) Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | p-Value | Cohen’s d (95% CI) | Before | After | p-Value | Cohen’s d (95% CI) | Group | Time | Interaction | |
TG (mg/dL) | 115.7 (9.2) | 119.4 (9.0) | 0.019 * | 0.41 (−0.46, 1.24) | 116.8 (9.1) | 111.1 (8.6) | 0.057 | −0.65 (−1.49, 0.24) | 0.050 (0.344) | 0.027 (0.492) | 0.363 (0.005) † |
TC (mg/dL) | 209.4 (12.2) | 218.1 (11.8) | 0.106 | 0.73 (−0.17, 1.57) | 214.4 (13.9) | 204.2 (12.6) | 0.092 | −0.77 (−1.61, 0.13) | 0.056 (0.314) | 0.002 (0.842) | 0.273 (0.018) † |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 40.9 (4.2) | 39.9 (1.2) | 0.384 | −0.28 (−1.11, 0.58) | 40.8 (2.5) | 42.9 (2.8) | 0.092 | 0.77 (−0.13, 1.61) | 0.104 (0.165) | 0.022 (0.536) | 0.176 (0.066) |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 132.7 (12.5) | 134.9 (7.1) | 0.648 | 0.21 (−0.64, 1.04) | 133.5 (8.2) | 122.5 (7.5) | 0.008 ** | −1.40 (−2.27, −0.40) | 0.174 (0.067) | 0.126 (0.125) | 0.238 (0.029) † |
FFA (uEq/l) | 471.0 (57.4) | 485.8 (43.5) | 0.471 | 0.29 (−0.57, 1.12) | 469.6 (49.2) | 446.1 (40.8) | 0.094 | −0.51 (−1.34, 0.36) | 0.067 (0.271) | 0.008 (0.715) | 0.130 (0.118) |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 114.4 (12.0) | 116.5 (6.6) | 0.612 | 0.22 (−0.63, 1.05) | 120.0 (7.8) | 114.3 (7.0) | 0.092 | −0.77 (−1.61, 0.13) | 0.019 (0.559) | 0.026 (0.494) | 0.117 (0.140) |
EP (pg/mL) | 70.6 (13.1) | 73.2 (10.0) | 0.501 | 0.22 (−0.63, 1.05) | 56.8 (22.9) | 49.2 (19.0) | 0.026 * | −0.33 (−1.16, 0.53) | 0.275 (0.018) † | 0.059 (0.300) | 0.208 (0.043) † |
NP (pg/mL) | 267.5 (62.0) | 270.8 (60.8) | 0.890 | 0.05 (−0.79, 0.89) | 240.2 (61.8) | 229.2 (71.4) | 0.666 | −0.16 (−1.00, 0.68) | 0.110 (0.154) | 0.003 (0.824) | 0.010 (0.679) |
Variables | CON | EXP | η2 (p) Value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | p-Value | Cohen’s d (95% CI) | Before | After | p-Value | Cohen’s d (95% CI) | Group | Time | Interaction | |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 216.2 (38.9) | 234.1 (39.5) | 0.228 | 0.46 (−0.41, 1.29) | 230.9 (35.1) | 214.6 (35.1) | 0.163 | −0.46 (−1.29, 0.41) | 0.002 (0.868) | 0.000 (0.929) | 0.175 (0.066) |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 3.6 (0.4) | 3.8 (0.2) | 0.206 | 0.66 (−0.23, 1.49) | 3.8 (0.3) | 3.6 (0.3) | 0.009 ** | −0.20 (−1.03, 0.65) | 0.002 (0.847) | 0.041 (0.391) | 0.155 (0.086) |
EPO (IU/mL) | 10.9 (3.9) | 11.1 (2.3) | 0.891 | 0.07 (−0.77, 0.91) | 9.5 (2.4) | 11.1 (2.7) | 0.068 | 0.63 (−0.25, 1.47) | 0.029 (0.473) | 0.060 (0.296) | 0.036 (0.421) |
VEGF (pg/mL) | 33.1 (3.2) | 31.6 (2.7) | 0.041 | −0.50 (−1.33, 0.37) | 32.7 (7.1) | 31.2 (3.7) | 0.271 | −0.14 (−0.97, 0.71) | 0.003 (0.823) | 0.202 (0.047) † | 0.000 (0.956) |
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Park, W.; Jung, W.-S.; Hong, K.; Kim, Y.-Y.; Kim, S.-W.; Park, H.-Y. Effects of Moderate Combined Resistance- and Aerobic-Exercise for 12 Weeks on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness, and Physical Functions, among Obese Older Men: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197233
Park W, Jung W-S, Hong K, Kim Y-Y, Kim S-W, Park H-Y. Effects of Moderate Combined Resistance- and Aerobic-Exercise for 12 Weeks on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness, and Physical Functions, among Obese Older Men: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):7233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197233
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Wonil, Won-Sang Jung, Kwangseok Hong, Yae-Young Kim, Sung-Woo Kim, and Hun-Young Park. 2020. "Effects of Moderate Combined Resistance- and Aerobic-Exercise for 12 Weeks on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness, and Physical Functions, among Obese Older Men: A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197233
APA StylePark, W., Jung, W. -S., Hong, K., Kim, Y. -Y., Kim, S. -W., & Park, H. -Y. (2020). Effects of Moderate Combined Resistance- and Aerobic-Exercise for 12 Weeks on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness, and Physical Functions, among Obese Older Men: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197233