Optimal Time of Thermotherapy for Reducing Pain, Anxiety, and Side Effects in Arteriovenous Fistula Puncture Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Randomization and Blinding
2.4. Intervention
2.5. Outcome
2.6. Ethical Considerations
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Subjects and Homogeneity
3.2. Difference in Pain Experienced by the Three Groups According to the Application Time of Thermotherapy
3.3. Difference in Anxiety Felt by the Three Groups According to the Application Time of Thermotherapy
3.4. Difference in Adverse Events of the Three Groups According to the Application Time of Thermotherapy
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | 10-min Group (n = 26) | 20-min Group (n = 26) | Control Group (n = 25) | F or χ2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N(%) or M ± SD | N(%) or M ± SD | N(%) or M ± SD | ||||
Age (year) | 60.2 ± 10.8 | 63.7 ± 8.9 | 56.7 ± 13.5 | 2.528 | 0.087 | |
Sex | Male | 15 (57.7) | 14 (53.9) | 17 (68.0) | 1.130 | 0.568 |
Female | 11 (42.3) | 12 (46.2) | 8 (32.0) | |||
Diabetes Mlietus | Yes | 12 (46.2) | 16 (61.5) | 8 (32.0) | 4.473 | 0.107 |
No | 14 (53.8) | 10 (38.5) | 17 (68.0) | |||
Hypertension | Yes | 5 (19.2) | 7 (26.9) | 8 (32.0) | 1.099 | 0.577 |
No | 21 (80.8) | 19 (73.1) | 17 (68.0) | |||
Glomerulo-nephritis | Yes | 1 (3.8) | 2 (7.7) | 4 (16.0) | 2.371 | 0.306 |
No | 25 (96.2) | 24 (92.3) | 21 (84.0) | |||
Treatment period of hemodialysis (year) | 38.9 ± 49.6 | 57.6 ± 63.6 | 66.3 ± 63.0 | 1.437 | 0.244 | |
Cycle of hemodialysis | 3 times per week | 26 (100.0) | 25 (96.1) | 25 (100.0) | 1.987 | 0.370 |
2 times per week | 0 (0) | 1 (3.9) | 0 (0) | |||
Type of arteriovenous fistula | Fistula | 23 (88.5) | 20 (76.9) | 24 (96.0) | 4.177 | 0.124 |
Graft | 3 (11.5) | 6 (23.1) | 1 (4.0) | |||
Site of arteriovenous fistula | Upper arm | 15 (57.7) | 11 (42.3) | 11 (44.0) | 1.748 | 0.782 |
Forearm | 9 (34.6) | 11 (42.3) | 11 (44.0) | |||
Upper arm and forearm | 2 (7.7) | 4 (15.4) | 3 (12.0) | |||
Use of lidocaine cream | Yes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
No | 26 (100) | 26 (100) | 25 (100) | |||
Pain before arteriovenous fistula puncture | 4.4 ± 1.9 | 4.5 ± 1.9 | 4.3 ± 1.7 | 0.038 | 0.963 | |
Anxiety before arteriovenous fistula puncture | 4.0 ± 1.9 | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 1.587 | 0.211 |
Variables | 10-min Group a (n = 26) | 20-min Group b (n = 26) | Control Group c (n = 25) | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||
Pain | 3.4 ± 1.8 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 1.6 | 11.457 | <0.001 |
Anxiety | 3.3 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 1.6 | 3.2 ± 1.4 | 0.255 | 0.775 |
Side Effects | 10-min Group (n = 26) n (%) | 20-min Group (n = 26) n (%) | Control Group (n = 25) n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Redness | Yes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
No | 26 (100) | 26 (100) | 25 (100) | |
Itching | Yes | 0 (0) | 4 (15) | 0 (0) |
No | 26 (100) | 22 (85) | 25 (100) | |
Edema | Yes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
No | 26 (100) | 26 (100) | 25 (100) | |
Bullous | Yes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
No | 26 (100) | 26 (100) | 25 (100) |
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Back, Y.; Lee, Y. Optimal Time of Thermotherapy for Reducing Pain, Anxiety, and Side Effects in Arteriovenous Fistula Puncture Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197147
Back Y, Lee Y. Optimal Time of Thermotherapy for Reducing Pain, Anxiety, and Side Effects in Arteriovenous Fistula Puncture Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):7147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197147
Chicago/Turabian StyleBack, Yangok, and Yoonyoung Lee. 2020. "Optimal Time of Thermotherapy for Reducing Pain, Anxiety, and Side Effects in Arteriovenous Fistula Puncture Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197147