Opioid Pain Medication Prescription for Chronic Pain in Primary Care Centers: The Roles of Pain Acceptance, Pain Intensity, Depressive Symptoms, Pain Catastrophizing, Sex, and Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Variables and Instruments
2.2.1. Demographic and Clinical Variables
2.2.2. Pain Intensity
2.2.3. Depressive Symptoms
2.2.4. Pain Catastrophizing
2.2.5. Pain Acceptance
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Frequency Data for the Demographic and Clinical Variables
3.2. Univariate Differences between Individuals Given and Not Given an Opioid Prescription
3.3. Multivariate Associations between the Study Predictors and Differences in Opioid Prescribing
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean | SD | Min/Max |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 45.4 | 12.9 | 16/79 |
Time in pain (months) | 49 | 59.3 | 4/240 |
Pain intensity | 5.3 | 1.6 | 0.5/9.5 |
N | % | ||
Sex | |||
Men | 274 | 41 | |
Women | 401 | 59 | |
Marital status | |||
Single | 125 | 18.5 | |
Married | 407 | 60.3 | |
Unmarried couple | 54 | 8.0 | |
Divorced | 39 | 5.8 | |
Separated | 24 | 3.6 | |
Widowed | 26 | 3.9 | |
Education | |||
Reading and writing | 70 | 10.4 | |
Primary school | 231 | 34.2 | |
High school | 239 | 35.3 | |
University education | 135 | 20.1 | |
Work status | |||
Housekeeping | 112 | 16.6 | |
Working | 352 | 52.2 | |
Studying | 17 | 2.5 | |
Unemployed | 102 | 15.1 | |
Retired | 92 | 13.6 | |
Site of pain | |||
Upper back | 435 | 64.4 | |
Sacrum | 431 | 63.9 | |
Neck | 361 | 53.5 | |
Lower back | 251 | 37.2 |
Participants Prescribed Opioids (N = 85) | Participants not Prescribed Opioids (N = 590) | p Value | Cohen’s δ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
Age | 49.04 | 11.05 | 44.88 | 13.12 | 0.002 | 0.34 |
Pain intensity | 6.03 | 1.49 | 5.14 | 1.61 | <0.001 | 0.57 |
Depressive symptoms | 17.35 | 5.49 | 14.67 | 5.51 | <0.001 | 0.49 |
Pain acceptance | 65.49 | 7.97 | 69.60 | 9.96 | <0.001 | 0.45 |
Pain catastrophizing | 23.87 | 10.82 | 23.34 | 8.85 | 0.669 |
Beta | Wald | Exp(B) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.017 | 2.729 | 1.017 | 0.099 |
Pain intensity | 0.245 | 9.206 | 1.278 | 0.002 |
Depressive symptoms | 0.061 | 6.318 | 1.063 | 0.012 |
Pain acceptance | −0.013 | 1.027 | 0.987 | 0.311 |
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Ramírez-Maestre, C.; Reyes-Pérez, Á.; Esteve, R.; López-Martínez, A.E.; Bernardes, S.; Jensen, M.P. Opioid Pain Medication Prescription for Chronic Pain in Primary Care Centers: The Roles of Pain Acceptance, Pain Intensity, Depressive Symptoms, Pain Catastrophizing, Sex, and Age. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176428
Ramírez-Maestre C, Reyes-Pérez Á, Esteve R, López-Martínez AE, Bernardes S, Jensen MP. Opioid Pain Medication Prescription for Chronic Pain in Primary Care Centers: The Roles of Pain Acceptance, Pain Intensity, Depressive Symptoms, Pain Catastrophizing, Sex, and Age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176428
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamírez-Maestre, Carmen, Ángela Reyes-Pérez, Rosa Esteve, Alicia E. López-Martínez, Sonia Bernardes, and Mark P. Jensen. 2020. "Opioid Pain Medication Prescription for Chronic Pain in Primary Care Centers: The Roles of Pain Acceptance, Pain Intensity, Depressive Symptoms, Pain Catastrophizing, Sex, and Age" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176428