Children’s Temperament: A Bridge between Mothers’ Parenting and Aggression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Descriptive Statistics and Correlational Analysis in the Total Sample and by Gender
3.2. Mediational Analysis
3.2.1. Direct and Mediating Effects in the Total Sample of 1–3 Year-Olds
Direct and Mediating Effects in the Sample of 1–3 Year-Olds by Gender
Direct and Mediating Effects in the Total Sample of 3–6-Year-Olds
Direct and Mediating Effects in the Sample of 3–6-Year-Olds by Gender
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Sample | Boys | Girls | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | |
DISC | 30.31 | 4.66 | 30.03 | 4.65 | 30.62 | 4.66 |
COMM | 22.74 | 2.70 | 22.74 | 2.78 | 22.73 | 2.62 |
NEG * | 3.65 | 0.66 | 3.72 | 0.64 | 3.56 | 0.67 |
AGRES * | 15.57 | 8.32 | 16.62 | 8.60 | 14.35 | 7.84 |
CONT | 280.44 | 30.33 | 278.03 | 29.58 | 283.21 | 31.03 |
DISC | COMM | NEG | AGRES | CONT | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DISC | --- | −0.11 * | −0.37 ** | −0.36 ** | 0.20 ** |
COMM | 0.09 (−0.11) | --- | −0.05 | −0.14 * | −0.04 |
NEG | −0.38 ** (−0.34 **) | −0.09 (−0.01) | --- | 0.65 ** | −0.43 ** |
AGRES | −0.39 ** (−0.30 **) | −0.15 (−0.13) | 0.61 ** (0.69 **) | --- | −0.41 ** |
CONT | 0.16 * (0.23 **) | −0.04 (−0.03) | −0.39 ** (−0.47 **) | −0.31 ** (−0.53 **) | --- |
Total Sample | Boys | Girls | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | Mean | S.D. | |
DISC | 30.74 | 4.46 | 30.46 | 4.20 | 31.09 | 4.78 |
COMM | 21.49 | 2.70 | 21.42 | 2.70 | 21.58 | 2.70 |
NEG | 4.24 | 0.64 | 4.22 | 0.63 | 4.21 | 0.58 |
AGRES * | 4.22 | 0.61 | 9.30 | 5.48 | 6.99 | 4.63 |
CONT * | 8.38 | 5.26 | 4.12 | 0.65 | 4.41 | 0.58 |
DISC | COMM | NEG | AGRES | CONT | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DISC | --- | 0.08 | −0.32 ** | −0.43 ** | 0.46 ** |
COMM | −0.11 (0.03) | --- | −0.13 ** | −0.19 ** | 0.21 ** |
NEG | −0.29 ** (−0.37 **) | −0.15 * (−0.09) | --- | 0.41 ** | −0.33 ** |
AGRES | −0.46 ** (−0.39 **) | −0.19 * (−0.20) | 0.34 **(0.55 **) | --- | −0.60 ** |
CONT | 0.47 * (0.46 **) | 0.25 ** (0.14) | −0.31 **(−0.39 **) | −0.63 ** (−0.47 **) | --- |
Mod. | RMSEA | GFI | AGFI | ECVI | CAIC | χ2 | d.f. | p | Δχ2 | Δd.f. | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1–3 Years Old | |||||||||||
1.1 | 0.33 | 0.73 | 0.50 | 0.97 | 230.50 | 216.25 | 8 | <0.01 | --- | --- | --- |
1.2 | 0.36 | 0.76 | 0.39 | 0.88 | 327.56 | 191.42 | 6 | <0.01 | --- | --- | --- |
1.3 | 0.36 | 0.92 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 149.28 | 53.98 | 2 | <0.01 | 137.48 | 4 | <0.01 |
1.1 Boys | 0.28 | 0.79 | 0.60 | 0.79 | 135.46 | 93.92 | 8 | <0.01 | |||
1.2 Boys | 0.28 | 0.80 | 0.49 | 0.78 | 141.58 | 88.17 | 6 | <0.01 | |||
1.3 Boys | 0.29 | 0.93 | 0.50 | 0.37 | 102.03 | 24.88 | 2 | <0.01 | 63.29 | 4 | <0.01 |
1.1 Girls | 0.42 | 0.68 | 0.40 | 1.62 | 198.08 | 127.82 | 8 | <0.01 | |||
1.2 Girls | 0.45 | 0.71 | 0.27 | 1.46 | 188.12 | 111.36 | 6 | <0.01 | |||
1.3 Girls | 0.38 | 0.90 | 0.26 | 0.55 | 106.41 | 29.52 | 2 | <0.01 | 81.06 | 4 | <0.01 |
3–6 Years Old | |||||||||||
2.1 | 0.30 | 0.77 | 0.58 | 0.78 | 256.93 | 210.24 | 8 | < 0.01 | |||
2.2 | 0.32 | 0.83 | 0.57 | 0.71 | 245.54 | 148.08 | 6 | <0.01 | |||
2.3 | 0.13 | 0.98 | 0.88 | 0.15 | 94.07 | 9.61 | 2 | <0.01 | 236.47 | 4 | <0.01 |
2.1 Boys | 0.32 | 0.78 | 0.59 | 1.03 | 135.67 | 75.99 | 8 | <0.01 | |||
2.2 Boys | 0.32 | 0.83 | 0.58 | 0.77 | 148.93 | 75.82 | 6 | <0.01 | |||
2.3 Boys | 0.08 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.28 | 77.62 | 3.41 | 2 | 0.18 | 74.21 | 4 | <0.01 |
2.1 Girls | 0.35 | 0.76 | 0.54 | 1.13 | 222.14 | 139.45 | 8 | <0.01 | |||
2.2 Girls | 0.29 | 0.83 | 0.57 | 0.66 | 217.83 | 78.37 | 6 | <0.01 | |||
2.3 Girls | 0.17 | 0.97 | 0.80 | 0.22 | 91.85 | 11.55 | 2 | <0.01 | 66.82 | 4 | <0.01 |
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Carrasco, M.A.; Delgado, B.; Holgado-Tello, F.P. Children’s Temperament: A Bridge between Mothers’ Parenting and Aggression. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176382
Carrasco MA, Delgado B, Holgado-Tello FP. Children’s Temperament: A Bridge between Mothers’ Parenting and Aggression. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176382
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarrasco, Miguel A., Begoña Delgado, and Francisco Pablo Holgado-Tello. 2020. "Children’s Temperament: A Bridge between Mothers’ Parenting and Aggression" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176382