Night Shift Work, Chronotype, Sleep Duration, and Prostate Cancer Risk: CAPLIFE Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Participants
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Night Shift Work
2.5. Chronotype
2.6. Sleeps Duration
2.7. Measurement of Tumor Aggressiveness
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Controls | PCa Cases | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never Night Shift N = 344 | Ever Night Shift N = 66 | Total N = 410 | Never Night Shift N=368 | Ever Night Shift N = 97 | Total N = 465 | P-Value a | |
Age (Years), Mean (SD) | 66.5 (7.7) | 63.2 (8.4) | 65.6 (7.9) | 67.4 (7.5) | 68.4 (7.6) | 67.7 (7.5) | 0.001 |
P-Value b | 0.002 | 0.244 | |||||
Age (Years), N (%) | 0.039 | ||||||
40–54 | 28 (8.1) | 14 (21.2) | 42 (10.2) | 24 (6.5) | 4 (4.1) | 28 (6.0) | |
55–69 | 182 (52.9) | 41 (62.1) | 223 (54.4) | 198 (53.8) | 50 (51.6) | 248 (53.3) | |
70–80 | 134 (39.0) | 11 (16.7) | 145 (35.4) | 146 (39.7) | 43 (44.3) | 189 (40.7) | |
P-Value b | <0.001 | 0.544 | |||||
Education, N (%) | 0.357 | ||||||
Primary | 100 (29.1) | 19 (28.8) | 119 (29.0) | 108 (29.3) | 36 (37.1) | 144 (31.0) | |
Secondary | 178 (51.7) | 26 (39.4) | 204 (49.8) | 189 (51.4) | 51 (52.6) | 240 (51.6) | |
University | 66 (19.2) | 21 (31.8) | 87 (21.2) | 71 (19.3) | 10 (10.3) | 81 (17.4) | |
P-Value b | 0.053 | 0.079 | |||||
BMI, Mean (SD) | 28.4 (3.9) | 28.9 (4.6) | 28.5 (4.0) | 28.2 (4.1) | 28.0 (3.6) | 28.2 (4.0) | 0.252 |
P-Value b | 0.400 | 0.598 | |||||
BMI, N (%) | 0.569 | ||||||
Normal weight (<25 Kg/m2) | 65 (18.9) | 8 (12.1) | 73 (17.8) | 75 (20.4) | 21 (21.6) | 96 (20.6) | |
Overweight (25–29.9 Kg/m2) | 179 (52.0) | 38 (57.6) | 217 (52.9) | 184 (50.0) | 54 (55.7) | 238 (51.2) | |
Obesity (≥30 Kg/m2) | 100 (29.1) | 20 (30.3) | 120 (29.3) | 109 (29.6) | 22 (22.7) | 131 (28.2) | |
P-Value b | 0.411 | 0.396 | |||||
Smoking Status, N (%) | 0.781 | ||||||
Never | 89 (25.9) | 19 (28.8) | 108 (26.3) | 95 (25.8) | 23 (23.7) | 118 (25.4) | |
Former | 189 (54.9) | 36 (54.5) | 225 (54.9) | 195 (53.0) | 56 (57.7) | 251 (54.0) | |
Current | 66 (19.2) | 11 (16.7) | 77 (18.8) | 78 (21.2) | 18 (18.6) | 96 (20.6) | |
P-Value b | 0.832 | 0.700 | |||||
Physical Activity (MET-Hour/Week), Mean (SD) | 29.4 (29.7) | 35.4 (49.6) | 30.3 (33.7) | 27.9 (32.6) | 32.3 (30.9) | 28.8 (32.3) | 0.489 |
P-Value b | 0.186 | 0.234 | |||||
Physical Activity, N (%) | 0.171 | ||||||
Low | 119 (34.6) | 19 (28.8) | 138 (33.7) | 152 (41.3) | 32 (33.0) | 184 (39.6) | |
Moderate | 177 (51.4) | 36 (54.5) | 213 (52.0) | 176 (47.8) | 49 (50.5) | 225 (48.4) | |
High | 48 (14.0) | 11 (16.7) | 59 (14.3) | 40 (10.9) | 16 (16.5) | 56 (12.0) | |
P-Value b | 0.625 | 0.176 | |||||
First-Degree Family History of PCa c, N (%) | 0.771 | ||||||
No | 324 (94.2) | 64 (97.0) | 388 (94.6) | 348 (94.6) | 89 (91.8) | 437 (94.0) | |
Yes | 20 (5.8) | 2 (3.0) | 22 (5.4) | 19 (5.1) | 8 (8.2) | 27 (5.8) | |
Unknown | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | |||||
P-Value b | 0.358 | 0.251 | |||||
Aggressiveness *, N (%) | |||||||
ISUP 1 | 207 (56.3) | 66 (68.0) | 273 (58.7) | ||||
ISUP 2 | 71 (19.3) | 13 (13.4) | 84 (18.1) | ||||
ISUP 3 | 30 (8.2) | 7 (7.2) | 37 (8.0) | ||||
ISUP 4 | 41 (11.1) | 6 (6.2) | 47 (10.1) | ||||
ISUP 5 | 18 (4.9) | 5 (5.2) | 23 (4.9) | ||||
P-Value b | 0.263 |
Controls N = 410 | PCa Cases N = 465 | P-Value a | aOR b (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | |||
Shift Work | ||||
Never night shift | 344 (83.9) | 368 (79.1) | 0.071 | 1 |
Ever night shift | 66 (16.1) | 97 (20.9) | 1.47 (1.02–2.11) | |
Types of NightShift | ||||
Never night shift | 0.073 | 1 | ||
Permanent night shift | 34 (8.3) | 39 (8.4) | 1.21 (0.73–1.98) | |
Rotating night shift | 32 (7.8) | 58 (12.5) | 1.73 (1.09–2.75) | |
Chronotype c | ||||
Morning | 247 (60.2) | 283 (60.8) | 0.622 | 1 |
Neither | 125 (30.5) | 130 (28.0) | 0.94 (0.69–1.28) | |
Evening | 34 (8.3) | 45 (9.7) | 1.18 (0.72–1.93) | |
Missing | 4 (1.0) | 7 (1.5) | ||
Sleep Duration c | ||||
Recommended | 217 (52.9) | 234 (50.3) | 0.784 | 1 |
May be appropriated | 124 (30.2) | 146 (31.4) | 1.11 (0.81–1.50) | |
Not recommended | 65 (15.9) | 78 (16.8) | 1.18 (0.80–1.74) | |
Missing | 4 (1.0) | 7 (1.5) |
Ever Night Shift | Permanent Night Shift | Rotating Night Shift | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Controls N = 66 | PCa Cases N = 97 | aOR a (95% CI) | Controls N = 34 | PCa Cases N = 39 | aOR a (95% CI) | Controls N = 32 | PCa Cases N = 58 | aOR a (95% CI) | |
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||||
Lifetime Cumulative Duration of Night Shifts (Years) | |||||||||
Never night shift | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Tercile 1: ≤7 | 23 (5.6) | 29 (6.2) | 1.33 (0.75–2.38) | 18 (4.3) | 16 (3.4) | 0.97 (0.48–1.95) | 5 (1.2) | 13 (2.8) | 2.57 (0.90–7.34) |
Tercile 2: >7–≤26 | 22 (5.4) | 40 (8.6) | 1.93 (1.11–3.36) | 8 (2.0) | 11 (2.4) | 1.58 (0.61–4.06) | 14 (3.4) | 29 (6.2) | 2.08 (1.08–4.04) |
Tercile 3: >26 | 21 (5.1) | 28 (6.0) | 1.18 (0.65–2.14) | 8 (2.0) | 12 (2.6) | 1.37 (0.54–3.47) | 13 (3.2) | 16 (3.5) | 1.08 (0.51–2.29) |
Intensity of Night Shift(Night Shifts/Year) | |||||||||
Never night shift | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Tercile 1: ≤74 | 22 (5.4) | 20 (4.3) | 0.88 (0.46–1.65) | 4 (1.0) | 18 (4.4) | 20 (4.3) | 1.05 (0.54–2.03) | ||
Tercile 2: >74–≤250 | 23 (5.6) | 47 (10.1) | 2.06 (1.21–3.49) | 10 (2.4) | 12 (2.6) | 1.26 (0.52–3.05) | 13 (3.2) | 35 (7.5) | 2.60 (1.34–5.02) |
Tercile 3: >250 | 20 (4.9) | 27 (5.9) | 1.40 (0.76–2.58) | 20 (4.9) | 27 (5.8) | 1.40 (0.76–2.58) | |||
Unknown b,* | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.6) |
Morning Chronotype | Neither Chronotype | Evening Chronotype | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Controls N = 247 | PCa Cases N = 283 | aOR a (95% CI) | Controls N = 125 | PCa Cases N = 130 | aOR a (95% CI) | Controls N = 34 | PCa Cases N = 45 | aOR a (95% CI) | P-Interaction | |
Shift Work | ||||||||||
Never night shift | 208 (84.2) | 232 (82.0) | 1 | 109 (87.2) | 106 (81.5) | 1 | 27 (79.4) | 29 (64.4) | 1 | 0.280 |
Ever night shift | 39 (15.8) | 51 (18.0) | 1.25 (0.78–2.00) | 16 (12.8) | 24 (18.5) | 1.71 (0.83–3.51) | 7 (20.6) | 16 (35.6) | 3.14 (0.91–10.76) | |
Types of Night Shift | ||||||||||
Never night shift | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.199 | ||||||
Permanent night shift | 20 (8.1) | 19 (6.7) | 0.99 (0.50–1.94) | 9 (7.2) | 11 (8.5) | 1.64 (0.61–4.40) | 4 (11.8) | 9 (20.0) | 3.53 (0.76–16.34) | |
Rotating night shift | 19 (7.7) | 32 (11.3) | 1.50 (0.82–2.75) | 7 (5.6) | 13 (10.0) | 1.77 (0.66–4.73) | 3 (8.8) | 7 (15.6) | 2.72 (0.54–13.62) | |
Lifetime Cumulative Duration of Night Shift (Years) | ||||||||||
Never night shift | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.107 | ||||||
Tercile 1: ≤7 | 11 (4.5) | 15 (5.3) | 1.40 (0.62–3.19) | 9 (7.2) | 11 (8.5) | 1.56 (0.58–4.21) | 3 (8.8) | 3 (6.7) | 1.26 (0.19–8.47) | |
Tercile 2: >7–≤26 | 12 (4.8) | 22 (7.7) | 1.78 (0.85–3.76) | 4 (3.2) | 9 (6.9) | 2.51 (0.72–8.75) | 4 (11.8) | 7 (15.6) | 2.58 (0.54–12.37) | |
Tercile 3: >26 | 16 (6.5) | 14 (5.0) | 0.78 (0.37–1.66) | 3 (2.4) | 5 (3.1) | 1.14 (0.24–5.39) | 6 (13.3) | |||
Intensity of NightShift(Nights Shifts/Year) | ||||||||||
Never night work | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.450 | ||||||
Tercile 1: ≤74 | 16 (6.5) | 11 (3.9) | 0.61 (0.27–1.37) | 4 (3.2) | 5 (3.9) | 1.17 (0.29–4.66) | 1 (3.0) | 3 (6.7) | 3.54 (0.26–48.22) | |
Tercile 2: >74–≤250 | 12 (4.8) | 28 (9.9) | 2.22 (1.09–4.55) | 6 (4.8) | 11 (8.5) | 2.13 (0.72–6.30) | 3 (8.8) | 6 (13.3) | 2.87 (0.55–14.84) | |
Tercile 3: >250 | 11 (4.5) | 12 (4.2) | 1.14 (0.48–2.71) | 6 (4.8) | 8 (6.2) | 1.69 (0.52–5.49) | 3 (8.8) | 7 (15.6) | 3.29 (0.62–17.50) |
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Lozano-Lorca, M.; Olmedo-Requena, R.; Vega-Galindo, M.-V.; Vázquez-Alonso, F.; Jiménez-Pacheco, A.; Salcedo-Bellido, I.; Sánchez, M.-J.; Jiménez-Moleón, J.-J. Night Shift Work, Chronotype, Sleep Duration, and Prostate Cancer Risk: CAPLIFE Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6300. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176300
Lozano-Lorca M, Olmedo-Requena R, Vega-Galindo M-V, Vázquez-Alonso F, Jiménez-Pacheco A, Salcedo-Bellido I, Sánchez M-J, Jiménez-Moleón J-J. Night Shift Work, Chronotype, Sleep Duration, and Prostate Cancer Risk: CAPLIFE Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6300. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176300
Chicago/Turabian StyleLozano-Lorca, Macarena, Rocío Olmedo-Requena, María-Victoria Vega-Galindo, Fernando Vázquez-Alonso, Antonio Jiménez-Pacheco, Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido, María-José Sánchez, and José-Juan Jiménez-Moleón. 2020. "Night Shift Work, Chronotype, Sleep Duration, and Prostate Cancer Risk: CAPLIFE Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6300. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176300