Are Barriers the Same Whether I Want to Start or Maintain Exercise? A Narrative Review on Healthy Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Search
3. Definitions of Key Concepts
3.1. Perceived Barriers
3.2. Stages of Change
3.3. Physical Activity
4. Results
4.1. Relationship of Barriers with Exercise Behavior (N = 21)
4.2. Relationship of Barriers with Exercise-Related Stages of Change (N = 4)
4.3. Relationship of Barriers with Exercise Behavior and Stages of Change
5. Discussion
5.1. Definition and Formulation of Perceived Barriers
5.2. Methodological Issues
5.2.1. Conceptualization of Stage of Change
5.2.2. Limits to the Measurement of Physical Activity
5.3. Identification of Barriers That Predict Behavior Change
5.4. Limits
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Participants and Demographics | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aims Related to the Study | Theoretical Framework | Total Participants and Gender | Age Range | Measure of Barriers | Outcomes Variables | Results | |||||
Sedentary (or Nonexercisers) | Insufficiently Active (or Light Walking) | Sufficiently Active (or Moderate and Vigorous) | Quitter | ||||||||
<1.5 kcal·day−1·kg−1 | ≥1.5-<3 kcal·day−1·kg−1 | ≥3 kcal·day−1·kg−1 | |||||||||
[41] | Bautista et al. (2011) | To examine barriers to exercise among Hispanics | - | 398—Men and women | 18–96 years old. >50 years = not available | Constructed by the authors-Total number of barriers (frequency) | Level of engagement in exercise in the past 30 days | Lack of time, too tired, lack of self-discipline | - | - | - |
[63] | Biedenweg et al. (2014) | To explore barriers to physical activity program participation | - | 39—Men and women | Not reported (in their early 70s) | Generated by interviews | Programs supporting exercise behavior | Already achieve sufficient exercise, lack of motivation, not ready, poor health | - | - | Not having enough time, lack of affiliation with people in the program |
[42] | Bird et al. (2009) | To determine the factors associated with physical activity participation (based on an ecological model) | - | 72—women | 60–84 years old | The St Louis Scale (Brownson et al., 2004) + NEWS | IPAQ | No barriers are predominantly cited by these three groups | - | ||
[43] | Booth et al. (1997) | To examine the barriers to regular participation in physical activity reported by insufficiently active older adults | - | 449—Men and women | 60 years and older | The authors proposed 19 barriers based on earlier Australian study (Owen and Bauman, 1992) | Leisure-time physical activity during the previous 2 weeks | Injury, poor health, too old | - | - | |
[53] | Booth et al. (2000) | To identify perceived environmental influences associated with physical activity participation | TPB | 449—Men and women | 60 years and older | Constructed by the authors-Physical environments | Leisure-time physical activity during the previous 2 weeks | Poor health, lack of local hall, lack of recreation center, lack of safe footpath, risk of harm | - | - | - |
[64] | Brittain et al. (2012) | To examine in barrier limitation between sufficiently and insufficiently active participants | SCT | 109—Women | 50–75 years old | Barriers (Gyurcsik et al., 2009) + barrier limitations | IPAQ | Non-work-related priorities, work, family obligations, lack of energy/fatigue | Non-work-related priorities, work, family obligations | - | |
[44] | Cohen-Mansfield et al. (2003) | To ascertain perceived barriers to exercise | - | 324—Men and women | 74–85 years old | Open-ended approach | PASE + Exercise leisure time during the preceding 7 days (Washbum et al., 1999). | Bad health, lack of motivation, dislike exercise | - | - | - |
[61] | Dawson et al. (2007) | To investigate whether low levels of walking were associated with health problems and environmental | HBM, SCT and ecological model | 680—Men and women | 50 years and older | Barriers to walking around their neighborhood (Booth et al., 2000) | Amount of physical activity during the preceding 7 days-British heart foundation’s daily activities questionnaire (Taylor et al., 1978) | Health problem, more than one environmental barrier | - | - | |
[54] | Moschny et al. (2011) | To analyze barriers to physical activity | - | 1937—Men and women | 72–93 years old | Frequently reported barriers | Determined from the barrier questionnaire: participants were asked about their physical activity | Poor health, lack of company, not interested | - | - | |
[12] | Horne and Tierney (2013) | To explore the barriers to initiating and maintaining regular physical activity | - | 116—Men and women | 60–70 years old | In-depth interview | Department of Health guidelines (2009) | Poor health, loss of self-confidence, lack of belief in their own physical ability, fear of increasing their symptoms, lack of knowledge | - | - | |
[45] | Juarbe et al. (2002) | To examine the factors that influence women’s ability to engage in exercise behavior | - | 143—Women | 40–79 years old > 50 years = 89 | One open-ended questions on barriers encountered in staying physically active | 7-Day Physical activity recall (Mayer et al., 1991) | Time constraints and women’s roles, personal health, internal (lack of determination, lack of motivation) and external factors (lack of facilities, weather, lack of safe place) | - | - | |
[65] | King et al. (2000) | To explore personal and environmental barriers to physical activity | Ecological model | 1791—Women | 50 years and older | 10 frequently reported personal barriers to physical activity (Dishman and Sallis, 1994) + environmental barriers | Leisure-time physical activity, occupational activity and physical activity occurring around the home | Too tired, bad health, lack of energy, presence of unattended dogs | - | Self-consciousness about physical appearance | - |
[66] | Kleppinger et al. (2003) | To determine if health perception could identify people more likely to adhere to exercise | - | 189—Women | 59–78 years old | SF-36 (Ware and Sherbourne, 1992) | Exercise logs | Vitality, role-emotional, bodily pain, social functioning, and mental health | Problems with role-emotional and social function | ||
[67] | Kowal and Fortier (2007) | To examine relationships between barriers and environmental characteristics and physical activity behavior | Ecological model | 90—Women | 50–68 years old | The reasons for not engaging in more physical activity over the past 6 months + environmental characteristics | List of physical activities (i.e., leisure-time activities, sports, and home-based activities) | Laziness, too tired, lack of interest, daily activities | Cost (Progressed group but not stable active) | - | Too tired (Regressed group) |
[57] | Lees et al. (2005) | To determine barriers to the exercise behavior | - | 66—Men and women | 65 years and older | Open-ended approach | Planned physical activity (3 times/week during at least 20 min) | Fear of injury, inertia, negative affect, weather, inconvenience, time discomfort, perceived capability, physical ailments, too old | - | Inertia, lack of time, physical ailments, inconvenience, perceived capability, discomfort, verbal persuasion, too old, weather, negative affect | - |
[58] | Lim and Taylor (2005) | To examine factors associated with physical activity | - | 8881—Men and women | 65 years and older | Open-ended approach | “Adequate” physical activity was defined as at least 30 min of walking, moderate or vigorous activity on at least 5 days in the last week. | Health problem, too busy, pain | - | ||
[26] | Newson and Kemps (2007) | To identify factors that prevent from exercising and to examine how they relate to intentions to exercise | - | 217—Men and women | 63–86 years | Barriers exercise based on Larkin (2005) | PARS (Jackson et al., 1990) | Medical, concerns (pain, lack of energy) facilities and knowledges | |||
[46] | Reichert et al. (2007) | To examine the association between barriers and participation in leisure-time physical activity | - | 358—Men and women | 65 years and older | 8 perceived personal barriers | IPAQ | Lack of time, dislike exercise, too tired, lack of company, lack of money | - | - | - |
[59] | Salmon et al. (2003) | To examine the associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior with barriers | BCT | 308—Men and women | 60 years and over | Constructed by the authors-Environmental and personal barriers | 1-week leisure-time physical activity recall measure + leisure-time sedentary behavior | Lack of time, family commitments, feeling tired, pollution, cost | Work commitments | Other priorities, work commitments, cost | - |
[55] | Smith et al. (2012) | To identify the relationship between what older adults perceived as barriers to physical activity and participation | - | 4900—Men and women | 60 years and older | Based on CCHS-HA, 13 barriers have been proposed | PASE | Activity not available (for males), lack of time (for females) | No barriers | - | - |
[68] | Wilcox et al. (2000) | To examine the pattern of relations between barriers and LTPA | - | 1422—Women | 50 years and older | Perceived barriers to LTPA + Environmental characteristics | LTPA during the past two weeks | Lack of enjoyable scenery, not frequently seeing others exercise, greater barriers, less social support (rural women), too old, greater barriers, less social support (urban women) | - | - | - |
Reference | Participants and Demographics | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aims Related to the Study | Theoretical Framework | Total Participants and Gender | Age Range | Measure of Barriers | Outcomes Variables | Results | |||||||
[72] | Heesch et al. (2000) | To identify the barriers most likely to interfere with exercise participation at each stage | TTM | 2912—Men and women | 40 years and older. >50 years = 1791 | Adapted from the San Diego Health and Exercise Survey | Five-item instrument developed by Marcus, Rossi et al. (1992) | PC | C | PR | Act | M | R |
Too tired, lack of energy, bad health, lack of time | Lack of time, too tired, caregiving, lack of energy, lack of safe place | Lack of time, self-consciousness of appearance, too tired, lack of energy, fear of injury, caregiving | - | - | |||||||||
[27] | Sorensen and Gill (2008) | To examine relationship between the experienced barriers and exercise-related stages of change | TTM | 4921—Men and woman. | 30–75 years. > 50 years = 1850 | Constructed by the authors and based on Brawley et al. (1998) | Health barriers (60–75 years men and women) > M: Practical barriers (75-year-old men) PR-C > M: Affective/Cognitive barriers (60-year-old men) | Health barriers (60–75 years women) > M: Practical barriers (60-year-oldmen) > M: Affective/Cognitive barriers (60-year-old women) | > M: Priority barriers (60-year-old men) | ||||
[73] | Thorgensen-Ntounami (2009) | To examine the usefulness of an ecological model in predicting Soc | TTM | 318—Men and women | 61–81 years | Environmental conditions in their neighborhood | Stages of change using the five-item stages of change short form scale | Heavy traffic and presence of unattended dogs | - | - | - | ||
[71] | Walcott-McQuigg and Prohaska (2001) | To examine factors influencing exercise behavior | TTM | 103—Men and women | 55 years and older | Generated by interviews | Motivational readiness for exercise (Marcus et al., 1992) | Health problems, PA makes tired, laziness, time constraints (female) Exercise from housework | Health problems, time constraints (female) | - |
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André, N.; Agbangla, N.F. Are Barriers the Same Whether I Want to Start or Maintain Exercise? A Narrative Review on Healthy Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176247
André N, Agbangla NF. Are Barriers the Same Whether I Want to Start or Maintain Exercise? A Narrative Review on Healthy Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176247
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndré, Nathalie, and Nounagnon Frutueux Agbangla. 2020. "Are Barriers the Same Whether I Want to Start or Maintain Exercise? A Narrative Review on Healthy Older Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176247