Comparing the Trail Users with Trail Non-Users on Physical Activity, Sleep, Mood and Well-Being Index
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Trail User and Non-User Probability Sampling Process
2.2. Trail Selection
2.3. Trail User and Trail Non-User Survey Implementation
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Sociodemographic Factors
4.2. Behaviors
4.3. Wellness and Health
4.4. Limits and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic & SES Characteristics | Trail Users | Non-Users | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | |||
Age, years | 18–25 | 78 | 6 | 50 | 22 | 0.0001 * |
26–35 | 169 | 13 | 39 | 17 | ||
36–45 | 208 | 16 | 35 | 15.5 | ||
46–65 | 584 | 45 | 68 | 29.5 | ||
>65 | 260 | 20 | 36 | 16 | ||
Sex | Female | 571 | 44 | 139 | 61 | 0.0001 * |
Male | 728 | 56 | 89 | 38 | ||
Race | White | 1214 | 93.5 | 205 | 90 | 0.015* |
Black | 20 | 1.5 | 11 | 5 | ||
Hispanic | 39 | 3 | 7 | 3 | ||
Asian | 20 | 1.5 | 3 | 1.5 | ||
Indian | 6 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | ||
Marital Status | Single | 240 | 19 | 69 | 30.5 | 0.0001 * |
Married | 929 | 71.5 | 128 | 56 | ||
Widowed | 26 | 2 | 8 | 3.5 | ||
Divorced | 104 | 8 | 23 | 10 | ||
Employment | Homemaker | 45 | 3.5 | 14 | 6 | 0.0001 * |
Self-employed | 131 | 10 | 23 | 10 | ||
Student | 52 | 4 | 30 | 13 | ||
Employed | 740 | 57 | 121 | 53 | ||
Retired | 318 | 24.5 | 39 | 17 | ||
Not Employed | 13 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||
Job Satisfaction | <30% | 65 | 5 | 32 | 14 | 0.001 * |
30–70% | 273 | 21 | 34 | 15 | ||
>70% | 961 | 74 | 162 | 71 | ||
Education | <9th Grade | 13 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.0001 * |
High School | 189 | 14.5 | 69 | 30 | ||
Technical School | 84 | 6.5 | 6 | 2.5 | ||
College Graduate | 520 | 40 | 86 | 38 | ||
Graduate School | 344 | 26.5 | 45 | 20 | ||
Professional Degree | 149 | 11.5 | 21 | 9 | ||
Household Income | <$10,000 | 26 | 2 | 16 | 7 | 0.0001 * |
$10,000–38,000 | 130 | 10 | 48 | 21 | ||
$38,001–91,000 | 546 | 42 | 86 | 38 | ||
$91,001–190,000 | 454 | 35 | 64 | 28 | ||
>$190,000 | 143 | 11 | 14 | 6 | ||
Smoking | Yes | 39 | 3 | 17 | 7.5 | 0.004 * |
No | 1260 | 97 | 211 | 92.5 |
How Many Days Per Week, Do You Have: | Never, % | Everyday, % | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trail Users | Non-Users | Trail Users | Non-Users | ||
Difficulty Falling Asleep | 54 | 41 | 2 | 9 | 0.0001 * |
Too Early Wake Up | 50 | 43 | 4 | 9 | 0.001 * |
Hypnotic Medications Use | 89 | 82 | 3 | 6 | 0.001 * |
Falling Asleep During Day | 68 | 55.5 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 0.007 * |
Tired Feeling Upon Waking | 19 | 38 | 4.5 | 16.5 | 0.0001 * |
Snoring | 62 | 49 | 12.5 | 18 | 0.01 * |
Mid-sleep Awakenings | 34 | 22.5 | 18.5 | 24.5 | 0.02 * |
Headache Upon Waking | 83 | 68 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.0001 * |
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness | 58.5 | 34.5 | 2 | 6 | 0.0001 * |
Excessive Movement During Sleep | 72 | 59 | 3.5 | 9.5 | 0.0001 * |
Lack of Energy | 61 | 36.5 | 1 | 5 | 0.0001 * |
Sadness | 68 | 49 | 2.5 | 3 | 0.0001 * |
Anger | 61 | 44 | 1.5 | 7.5 | 0.0001 * |
Physical Pain | 55 | 34.5 | 8.5 | 17 | 0.0001 * |
Worry | 48 | 31.5 | 6 | 13 | 0.0001 * |
Fast Food Meals | 51 | 33.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.0001 * |
<5 Servings of Fruits & Vegetables | 29 | 16.5 | 9 | 14 | 0.0001 * |
Value | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Increased | 860 | 66.6 |
Decreased | 14 | 1.1 |
Do not know | 24 | 1.9 |
Stayed the same | 393 | 30.4 |
Missing | 8 | |
Total | 1299 |
Increased Activity Reported | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
0–25% | 226 | 27.3 |
26–50% | 306 | 37.0 |
51–75% | 133 | 16.1 |
76–100% | 99 | 12.0 |
Over 100% | 63 | 7.6 |
Importance | Scenery (Beauty of Environment) | Outdoors (Access to Nature/Environment) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | |
Least Important | 10 | 0.8 | 12 | 1 |
Somewhat Important | 61 | 4.9 | 29 | 2.4 |
Important | 227 | 18.3 | 107 | 8.7 |
Quite Important | 423 | 34.1 | 305 | 24.8 |
Most Important | 518 | 41.8 | 778 | 63.2 |
Missing | 60 | 68 | ||
Total | 1299 | 1299 |
Predictors | Univariable Association | Multivariable Full Model, R2 = 0.183 | Multivariable Final Model, R2 = 0.159 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) ** | p | OR (95% CI) ** | p | OR (95% CI) ** | p | ||
Age, Years | 1.49 (1.33–1.67) | 0.0001 * | 1.43 (1.18–1.74) | 0.0001 * | 1.39 (1.16–1.65) | 0.0001 * | |
Sex, Male | 2.00 (1.49–2.69) | 0.0001 * | 2.03 (1.43–2.89) | 0.0001 * | 1.98 (1.41–2.77) | 0.0001 * | |
Race | White | 0.99 (0.41–2.42) | 0.997 | 0.68 (0.26–1.78) | 0.450 | Race, Marital Status, Employment, Income, Education, Smoking and Nutrition Were Removed By Backward Elimination | |
Black | 0.26 (0.08–0.82) | 0.021 * | 0.18 (0.05–0.66) | 0.010 * | |||
Alaska | 0.35 (0.03–4.53) | 0.424 | 0.20 (0.01–2.90) | 0.240 | |||
Asians | 0.76 (0.17–3.52) | 0.730 | 0.49 (0.09–2.72) | 0.420 | |||
Marital Status | Married | 0.76 (0.44–1.30) | 0.316 | 1.18 (0.63–2.21) | 0.125 | ||
Widow | 1.59 (0.97–2.63) | 0.068 | 1.74 (0.85–3.54) | 0.610 | |||
Divorce | 0.66 (0.26–1.68) | 0.0391 * | 0.74 (0.24–2.26) | 0.600 | |||
Employment | Self-Employed | 1.87 (0.68–5.14) | 0.222 | 1.36 (0.40–4.6) | 0.620 | ||
Student | 3.51 (1.40–8.78) | 0.007 * | 1.83 (0.61–5.46) | 0.280 | |||
Employed for Wages | 1.06 (0.42–2.67) | 0.894 | 1.59 (0.49–5.09) | 0.435 | |||
Retired | 3.77 (1.67–8.52) | 0.001 * | 2.54 (0.94–6.89) | 0.065 | |||
Not Employed | 5.27 (2.22–12.50) | 0.0001 * | 1.63 (0.56–4.75) | 0.370 | |||
Income | 1.56 (1.33–1.84) | 0.0001 * | 0.53 (0.70–0.23) | 0.10 | |||
Education | 1.26 (1.12–1.42) | 0.0001 * | 1.29 (0.35–4.70) | 0.25 | |||
Smoking | 0.41 (0.23–0.74) | 0.003 * | 0.68 (0.32–1.45) | 0.320 | |||
Nutrition | 0.89 (0.86–0.94) | 0.0001 * | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.30 | |||
Sleep | 0.94 (0.93–0.96) | 0.0001 * | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.004 * | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.002 * | |
Mood | 0.92 (0.90–0.93) | 0.0001 * | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.01* | 0.95 (0.93–0.98) | 0.001 * |
Predictors | Univariate Association | Multivariable Model, R2 = 0.251 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) ** | p | β (95% CI) ** | p | |
Age, Years | 0.32 (0.25–0.39) | 0.0001 * | 0.24 (0.17–0.31) | 0.0001 * |
Sex, Male | −0.17 (-0.33–−0.01) | 0.04 * | Sex, Race, Marital Status, Employment, Income and Education Were Removed By Backward Elimination | |
Race | −0.05 (-1.41–−0.39) | 0.30 | ||
Marital Status | 0.13 (0.02–0.23) | 0.0 2* | ||
Employment | 0.02 (−0.06–0.10) | 0.65 | ||
Income | 0.25 (0.16–0.34) | 0.0001 * | ||
Education | 0.05 (−0.009–0.11) | 0.10 | ||
Smoking | 1.16 (0.74–1.57) | 0.0001 * | 0.64 (0.24–1.03) | 0.001 * |
Nutrition | −0.11 (−0.13–−0.08) | 0.0001 * | −0.04 (−0.07–−0.01) | 0.003 * |
Sleep | −0.05 (−0.06–−0.04) | 0.0001 * | −0.01 (−0.02–−0.002) | 0.017 * |
Mood | −0.10 (−0.11–−0.09) | 0.0001 * | −0.07 (−0.09–−0.06) | 0.0001 * |
Using the Trails | 1.07 (0.86–1.29) | 0.0001 * | 0.59 (0.37–0.80) | 0.0001 * |
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Smiley, A.; Ramos, W.; Elliott, L.; Wolter, S. Comparing the Trail Users with Trail Non-Users on Physical Activity, Sleep, Mood and Well-Being Index. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176225
Smiley A, Ramos W, Elliott L, Wolter S. Comparing the Trail Users with Trail Non-Users on Physical Activity, Sleep, Mood and Well-Being Index. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176225
Chicago/Turabian StyleSmiley, Abbas, William Ramos, Layne Elliott, and Stephen Wolter. 2020. "Comparing the Trail Users with Trail Non-Users on Physical Activity, Sleep, Mood and Well-Being Index" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176225