Association of Infertility Treatment with Perception of Infant Crying, Bonding Impairment and Abusive Behavior towards One’s Infant: A Propensity-Score Matched Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure and Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Infertility Treatment
2.2.2. Perception of Infant Crying
2.2.3. Maternal–Infant Bonding Impairment
2.2.4. Abusive Behavior towards Infant
2.2.5. Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethics Statement
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Continuing Variables | Participants (n = 6213) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | ||
Maternal age | - | 31.4 | 4.8 |
Paternal age | - | 33.3 | 5.6 |
Categorical variables | Response items | n | % |
Maternal marital status | Married | 6145 | 98.9 |
Unmarried | 53 | 0.9 | |
Missing | 15 | 0.2 | |
Maternal job | Fulltime | 1023 | 16.5 |
Part time | 299 | 4.8 | |
No work | 4860 | 78.2 | |
Missing | 31 | 0.5 | |
History of depression | No | 5311 | 85.5 |
Yes | 892 | 14.4 | |
Missing | 10 | 0.2 | |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | No or quit | 6025 | 97.0 |
Yes | 185 | 3.0 | |
Missing | 3 | 0.1 | |
Maternal drinking during pregnancy | No | 5961 | 95.9 |
Yes | 244 | 3.9 | |
Missing | 8 | 0.1 | |
History of abortion | No | 5790 | 93.2 |
Yes | 419 | 6.7 | |
Missing | 4 | 0.1 | |
History of miscarriage | No | 5097 | 82.0 |
Yes | 1112 | 17.9 | |
Missing | 4 | 0.1 | |
History of stillbirth | No | 6141 | 98.8 |
Yes | 68 | 1.1 | |
Missing | 4 | 0.1 | |
Paternal work | Fulltime | 6082 | 97.9 |
part time or no-work | 106 | 1.7 | |
Missing | 25 | 0.4 | |
Paternal smoking during pregnancy | No | 5303 | 85.4 |
Yes | 897 | 14.4 | |
Missing | 13 | 0.2 | |
Talk to partner about raising children | Yes | 5814 | 93.6 |
No | 174 | 2.8 | |
Missing | 225 | 3.6 | |
Subjective economic status | stable | 2778 | 44.7 |
afford | 2553 | 41.1 | |
poor | 689 | 11.1 | |
Missing | 193 | 3.1 | |
Health insurance | Social insurance | 5033 | 81.0 |
National insurance | 874 | 14.1 | |
Other | 16 | 0.3 | |
Missing | 290 | 4.7 | |
House type | House | 2429 | 39.1 |
Apartment | 3740 | 60.2 | |
Missing | 44 | 0.7 | |
Living floor | <2F | 2099 | 33.8 |
3F–8F | 1356 | 21.8 | |
>9F | 182 | 2.9 | |
Missing | 2576 | 41.5 | |
Number of rooms | <2DK | 810 | 13.0 |
2LDK-3DK | 2090 | 33.6 | |
3LDK-4DK | 1221 | 19.7 | |
>4DK | 1877 | 30.2 | |
Missing | 215 | 3.5 | |
Live with grandmother | No | 5521 | 88.9 |
Yes | 692 | 11.1 | |
Live with grandfather | No | 5678 | 91.4 |
Yes | 535 | 8.6 | |
Delivery satisfaction | Satisfaction | 5356 | 86.2 |
Slightly satisfied | 697 | 11.2 | |
Slightly not satisfied | 108 | 1.7 | |
Not satisfies | 34 | 0.6 | |
Missing | 18 | 0.3 | |
Delivery in maternal hometown | Yes | 2614 | 42.1 |
No | 3580 | 57.6 | |
Missing | 19 | 0.3 | |
Number of children | Second child or more | 3084 | 49.6 |
First child | 3112 | 50.1 | |
Missing | 17 | 0.3 | |
Feeding at 4 months | Breast-feed | 3782 | 60.9 |
Mix-feed | 1395 | 22.5 | |
Bottle-feed | 649 | 10.5 | |
Missing | 387 | 6.2 | |
Low birth weight | <2500 | 454 | 7.3 |
≥2500 | 5736 | 92.3 | |
Missing | 23 | 0.4 |
Variables | Response Items | Participants (n = 6213) | |
---|---|---|---|
N a | % | ||
Perception of infant crying | No | 4798 | 77.2 |
Yes | 1415 | 22.8 | |
Bonding impairment | No | 5676 | 91.4 |
Yes | 537 | 8.6 | |
Abusive behavior towards infant | No | 5881 | 94.7 |
Yes | 332 | 5.3 |
Variables | Response Items | n = 6213 | n = 1250 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before PS Matching | After PS Matching | ||||||||
History of Infertility Treatment | pa | Bias (%) | History of Infertility Treatment | pa | Bias (%) | ||||
Variables | (Number of samples, proportions) | (Number of samples, proportions) | |||||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | ||||||
(5523, 88.9%) | (690, 11.1%) | (n = 625) | (n = 625) | ||||||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||||||
Maternal age | 31.0 (4.7) | 34.3 (4.3) | <0.01 | 73.5 | 33.9 (4.4) | 33.8 (4.2) | 0.9 | −0.6 | |
Paternal age | 33.0 (5.5) | 36.0 (5.1) | <0.01 | 57.4 | 35.5 (5.5) | 35.6 (4.9) | 0.8 | 1.7 | |
n (%) | n (%) | ||||||||
Maternal marital status | Unmarried | 51 (0.9) | 2 (0.3) | 0.2 | Reference | 3 (0.5) | 2 (0.3) | 0.8 | Reference |
Married | 5459 (98.8) | 686 (99.4) | −8.2 | 621 (99.4) | 621 (99.4) | −2.1 | |||
Missing | 13 (0.2) | 2 (0.3) | 1.1 | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.3) | 3.1 | |||
Maternal job | Fulltime | 877 (15.9) | 146 (21.2) | <0.01 | Reference | 135 (21.6) | 127 (20.3) | 0.3 | Reference |
Part timer | 263 (4.8) | 36 (5.2) | 2.1 | 37 (5.9) | 31 (5.0) | −4.4 | |||
No work | 4355 (78.9) | 505 (73.2) | −13.3 | 453 (72.5) | 464 (74.2) | 4.1 | |||
Missing | 28 (0.5) | 3 (0.4) | −1.1 | 0 (0) | 3 (0.5) | 7.0 | |||
History of depression | No | 4695 (85.0) | 616 (89.3) | 0.01 | Reference | 559 (89.4) | 556 (89.0) | 0.8 | Reference |
Yes | 819 (14.8) | 73 (10.6) | −12.8 | 64 (10.2) | 68 (10.9) | 1.9 | |||
Missing | 9 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | −0.5 | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | −4.1 | |||
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | No or quit | 5345 (96.8) | 680 (98.6) | 0.04 | Reference | 608 (97.3) | 616 (98.6) | 0.1 | Reference |
Yes | 175 (3.2) | 10 (1.5) | −11.5 | 17 (2.7) | 9 (1.4) | −8.5 | |||
Missing | 3 (0.1) | 0 (0) | −3.3 | 0.0 | |||||
Maternal drinking during pregnancy | Yes | 216 (3.9) | 28 (4.1) | 0.6 | Reference | 29 (4.6) | 24 (3.8) | 0.5 | Reference |
No | 5299 (95.9) | 662 (95.9) | 0.0 | 596 (95.4) | 601 (96.2) | 4.1 | |||
Missing | 8 (0.1) | 0 (0) | −5.4 | 0.0 | |||||
History of abortion | No | 5127 (92.8) | 663 (96.1) | <0.01 | Reference | 600 (96.0) | 601 (96.2) | Reference | |
Yes | 392 (7.1) | 27 (3.9) | −14.0 | 25 (4.0) | 24 (3.8) | −0.7 | |||
Missing | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0) | −3.8 | 0.0 | |||||
History of miscarriage | No | 4594 (83.2) | 503 (72.9) | <0.01 | Reference | 465 (74.4) | 467 (74.7) | Reference | |
Yes | 925 (16.8) | 187 (27.1) | 25.2 | 160 (25.6) | 158 (25.3) | −0.8 | |||
Missing | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0) | −3.8 | 0.0 | |||||
History of stillbirth | No | 5461 (98.9) | 680 (98.6) | 0.5 | Reference | 618 (98.9) | 615 (98.4) | 0.5 | Reference |
Yes | 58 (1.1) | 10 (1.5) | 3.6 | 7 (1.1) | 10 (1.6) | 4.3 | |||
Missing | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0) | −3.8 | 0.0 | |||||
Paternal work | Fulltime | 5400 (97.8) | 682 (98.8) | 0.2 | Reference | 619 (98.7) | 617 (98.9) | 0.8 | Reference |
part time or no-work | 100 (1.8) | 6 (0.9) | −8.2 | 4 (0.6) | 6 (1.0) | 2.8 | |||
Missing | 23 (0.4) | 2 (0.3) | −2.1 | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 0.0 | |||
Paternal smoking during pregnancy | Yes | 833 (15.1) | 64 (9.3) | <0.01 | Reference | 57 (9.1) | 59 (9.4) | 0.6 | Reference |
No | 4678 (84.7) | 625 (90.6) | 17.9 | 568 (90.9) | 565 (90.4) | −1.5 | |||
Missing | 12 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | −1.7 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 3.8 | |||
Talk to partner about raising children | Yes | 5156 (93.4) | 658 (95.4) | 0.1 | Reference | 586 (93.8) | 595 (95.2) | 0.4 | Reference |
No | 160 (2.9) | 14 (2.0) | −5.6 | 14 (2.2) | 13 (2.1) | −1.0 | |||
Missing | 207 (3.8) | 18 (2.6) | −6.5 | 25 (4.0) | 17 (2.7) | −7.3 | |||
Subjective economic status | stable | 2392 (43.3) | 386 (55.9) | <0.01 | Reference | 321 (51.4) | 341 (54.6) | 0.6 | Reference |
afford | 2308 (41.8) | 245 (35.5) | −12.9 | 235 (37.6) | 227 (36.3) | −2.6 | |||
poor | 645 (11.7) | 44 (6.4) | −18.6 | 50 (8.0) | 43 (6.9) | −3.9 | |||
Missing | 178 (3.2) | 15 (2.2) | −6.5 | 19 (3.0) | 14 (2.2) | −4.9 | |||
Health insurance | Social insurance | 4446 (80.5) | 587 (85.1) | 0.02 | Reference | 514 (82.2) | 528 (84.5) | 0.6 | Reference |
National insurance | 803 (14.5) | 71 (10.3) | −12.9 | 76 (12.2) | 67 (10.7) | −4.4 | |||
Other | 15 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | −2.8 | 3 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | −7.0 | |||
Missing | 259 (4.7) | 31 (4.5) | −0.9 | 32 (5.1) | 29 (4.6) | −2.3 | |||
House type | House | 2116 (38.3) | 313 (45.4) | <0.01 | Reference | 281 (45.0) | 281 (45.0) | 0.9 | Reference |
Apartment | 3366 (61.0) | 374 (54.2) | −13.7 | 340 (54.4) | 341 (54.6) | 0.3 | |||
Missing | 41 (0.7) | 3 (0.4) | −4.0 | 4 (0.6) | 3 (0.5) | −2.1 | |||
Living floor | <2F | 1911 (34.6) | 188 (27.3) | <0.01 | Reference | 181 (29.0) | 177 (28.3) | 0.8 | Reference |
3F–8F | 1209 (21.9) | 147 (21.3) | −1.4 | 134 (21.4) | 133 (21.3) | −0.4 | |||
>9F | 150 (2.7) | 32 (4.6) | 10.2 | 18 (2.9) | 24 (3.8) | 5.1 | |||
Missing | 2253 (40.8) | 323 (46.8) | 12.1 | 292 (46.7) | 291 (46.6) | −0.3 | |||
Number of rooms | <2DK | 760 (13.8) | 50 (7.3) | <0.01 | Reference | 42 (6.7) | 48 (7.7) | 0.8 | Reference |
2LDK-3DK | 1885 (34.1) | 205 (29.7) | −9.5 | 205 (32.8) | 192 (30.7) | −4.5 | |||
3LDK-4DK | 1052 (19.1) | 169 (24.5) | 13.2 | 143 (22.9) | 148 (23.7) | 1.9 | |||
>4DK | 1629 (29.5) | 248 (35.9) | 13.8 | 221 (35.4) | 219 (35.0) | −0.7 | |||
Missing | 197 (3.6) | 18 (2.6) | −5.5 | 14 (2.2) | 18 (2.9) | 3.7 | |||
Live with grandmother | No | 4913 (89.0) | 608 (88.1) | 0.5 | Reference | 538 (86.1) | 552 (88.3) | 0.2 | Reference |
Yes | 610 (11.0) | 82 (11.9) | 2.6 | 87 (13.9) | 73 (11.7) | −7.0 | |||
Live with grandfather | No | 5047 (91.4) | 631 (91.5) | 1.0 | Reference | 564 (90.2) | 573 (91.7) | 0.4 | Reference |
Yes | 476 (8.6) | 59 (8.6) | −0.2 | 61 (9.8) | 52 (8.3) | −5.1 | |||
Delivery satisfaction | Satisfaction | 4788 (86.7) | 568 (82.3) | 0.02 | Reference | 511 (81.8) | 519 (83.0) | 0.7 | Reference |
Slightly satisfied | 595 (10.8) | 102 (14.8) | 12.0 | 100 (16.0) | 88 (14.1) | −5.8 | |||
Slightly not satisfied | 97 (1.8) | 11 (1.6) | −1.3 | 7 (1.1) | 11 (1.8) | 5.0 | |||
Not satisfied | 28 (0.5) | 6 (0.9) | 4.4 | 5 (0.8) | 4 (0.6) | −1.9 | |||
Missing | 15 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | 2.7 | 2 (0.3) | 3 (0.5) | 2.7 | |||
Delivery in maternal hometown | Yes | 2326 (42.1) | 288 (41.7) | 0.4 | Reference | 258 (41.3) | 254 (40.6) | 0.9 | Reference |
No | 3182 (57.6) | 398 (57.7) | 0.1 | 363 (58.1) | 368 (58.9) | 1.6 | |||
Missing | 15 (0.3) | 4 (0.6) | 4.7 | 4 (0.6) | 3 (0.5) | −2.5 | |||
Number of children | Second child or more | 2857 (51.7) | 227 (32.9) | <0.01 | Reference | 224 (35.8) | 224 (35.8) | 0.9 | Reference |
First child | 2652 (48.0) | 460 (66.7) | 38.4 | 398 (63.7) | 399 (63.8) | 0.3 | |||
Missing | 14 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | 3.1 | 3 (0.5) | 2 (0.3) | −2.7 | |||
Feeding at 4 months | Breast-feed | 3396 (61.5) | 386 (55.9) | <0.01 | Reference | 359 (57.4) | 362 (57.9) | 0.9 | Reference |
Mix-feed | 1200 (21.7) | 195 (28.3) | 15.1 | 162 (25.9) | 169 (27.0) | 2.6 | |||
Bottle-feed | 583 (10.6) | 66 (9.6) | −3.3 | 63 (10.1) | 59 (9.4) | −2.1 | |||
Missing | 344 (6.2) | 43 (6.2) | 0.0 | 41 (6.6) | 35 (5.6) | −4.0 | |||
Low birth weight | ≥2500 | 5112 (92.6) | 624 (90.4) | Reference | 563 (90.1) | 569 (91.0) | Reference | ||
<2500 | 392 (7.1) | 62 (9.0) | 0.1 | 6.9 | 58 (9.3) | 52 (8.3) | 0.8 | −3.5 | |
Missing | 19 (0.3) | 4 (0.6) | 3.5 | 4 (0.6) | 4 (0.6) | 0.0 |
Perception of infant crying | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR b (95% CI) c | |||||||
Crude analysis | Multiple logistic regression | After PS matching | |||||
N d = 6213 | pa | N d = 6213 | pa | N d = 1250 | pa | ||
History of infertility treatment | Yes | 1.24 (1.03–1.48) | 0.02 | 1.20 (0.99–1.46) | 0.06 | 1.36 (1.05–1.78) | 0.02 |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Bonding impairment | |||||||
OR b (95% CI) c | |||||||
Crude analysis | pa | Multiple logistic regression | pa | After PS matching | pa | ||
History of infertility treatment | Yes | 1.22 (0.94–1.59) | 0.14 | 1.11 (0.83–1.48) | 0.48 | 1.18 (0.81–1.72) | 0.39 |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Abusive behavior | |||||||
OR b (95% CI) c | |||||||
Crude analysis | pa | Multiple logistic regression | pa | After PS matching | pa | ||
History of infertility treatment | Yes | 0.76 (0.51–1.12) | 0.16 | 0.91 (0.60–1.38) | 0.66 | 0.82 (0.49–1.36) | 0.44 |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference |
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Sampei, M.; Fujiwara, T. Association of Infertility Treatment with Perception of Infant Crying, Bonding Impairment and Abusive Behavior towards One’s Infant: A Propensity-Score Matched Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176099
Sampei M, Fujiwara T. Association of Infertility Treatment with Perception of Infant Crying, Bonding Impairment and Abusive Behavior towards One’s Infant: A Propensity-Score Matched Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176099
Chicago/Turabian StyleSampei, Makiko, and Takeo Fujiwara. 2020. "Association of Infertility Treatment with Perception of Infant Crying, Bonding Impairment and Abusive Behavior towards One’s Infant: A Propensity-Score Matched Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176099