Sex Differences in the Association between Living Environmental Factors and Nutritional Status in Community-Dwelling Elderly Koreans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Assessing Nutritional Status
2.3. Demographic Characteristics, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Health-Related Factors
2.4. Living Environmental Factors Related to Food Intake
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Comparision of NQ-E Total and Component Scoress by Sex
3.3. Sex Differences in Health-Related and Living Environmental Factors According to NQ-E Level
3.4. Effects of Living Environment on NQ-E by Sex: Multinomial Logistic Regressions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 703) | Sex | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men (n = 268) | Women (n = 435) | p-Value (3) | ||||||||
Average age, mean ± SD | 74.38 ± 6.41 | 74.32 ± 6.17 | 74.41 ± 6.55 | 0.869 | ||||||
Age | 65–74 (n = 148) | 75–84 (n = 101) | ≥85 (n = 19) | p-Value (2) | 65–74 (n = 233) | 75–84 (n = 164) | ≥85 (n = 38) | p-Value (2) | p-Value (4) | |
Education, n (%) | ||||||||||
Uneducated | 94 (13.4) | 5 (3.4) | 7 (6.9) | 4 (21.1) | 0.000 | 18 (7.7) | 45 (27.4) | 15 (39.5) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Elementary school | 198 (28.2) | 12 (8.1) | 25 (24.8) | 6 (31.6) | 79 (33.9) | 58 (35.4) | 18 (47.4) | |||
Middle school | 97 (13.8) | 14 (9.5) | 8 (7.9) | 2 (10.5) | 53 (22.7) | 20 (12.2) | 0 (0.0) | |||
High school | 173 (24.6) | 58 (39.2) | 25 (24.8) | 3 (15.8) | 51 (21.9) | 32 (19.5) | 4 (10.5) | |||
College or Higher | 141 (20.1) | 59 (39.9) | 36 (35.6) | 4 (21.1) | 32 (13.7) | 9 (5.5) | 1 (2.6) | |||
Employment, n (%) | ||||||||||
Employed | 109 (15.5) | 41 (27.7) | 12 (11.9) | 1 (5.3) | 0.002 | 40 (17.2) | 12 (7.3) | 3 (7.9) | 0.010 | 0.008 |
Unemployed | 594 (84.5) | 107 (72.3) | 89 (88.1) | 18 (94.7) | 193 (82.8) | 152 (92.7) | 35 (92.1) | |||
Monthly income, n (%) (1) | ||||||||||
<50 50–99 100–199 200–299 ≥300 | 238 (33.9) 179 (25.5) 111 (15.8) 77 (11.0) 98 (13.9) | 19 (12.8) 26 (17.6) 38 (25.7) 18 (12.2) 47 (31.8) | 34 (33.7) 22 (21.8) 19 (18.8) 13 (12.9) 13 (12.9) | 12 (63.2) 4 (21.1) 2 (10.5) 1 (5.3) 0 (0.0) | 0.000 | 59 (25.3) 74 (31.8) 36 (15.5) 36 (15.5) 28 (12.0) | 87 (53.0) 44 (26.8) 15 (9.1) 8 (4.9) 10 (6.1) | 27 (71.1) 9 (23.7) 1 (2.6) 1 (2.6) 0 (0.0) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Total | Sex | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men (n = 268) | Women (n = 435) | ||||||||||
Age | 65–74 (n = 148) | 75–84 (n = 101) | ≥85 (n = 19) | p-Value (3) | 65–74 (n = 233) | 75–84 (n = 164) | ≥85 (n = 38) | p-Value (3) | p-Value (4) | ||
NQ-E | Low (1) | 195 (27.7) | 62 (41.9) | 36 (35.6) | 2 (10.5) | 0.000 | 89 (38.2) | 45 (27.4) | 5 (13.2) | 0.000 | 0.042 |
Medium | 269 (38.3) | 66 (44.6) | 35 (34.7) | 7 (36.8) | 98 (42.1) | 52 (31.7) | 11 (29.0) | ||||
High | 239 (34.0) | 20 (13.5) | 30 (29.7) | 10 (52.6) | 46 (19.7) | 67 (40.9) | 22 (57.9) | ||||
Average NQ-E score (2), mean ± SD | 58.74 ± 11.12 | 61.98 ± 9.77 | 58.11 ± 11.33 | 52.65 ± 8.57 | 0.000 | 60.60 ± 10.31 | 55.90 ± 12.29 | 51.85 ± 9.25 | 0.000 | 0.037 | |
Balance | Low (1) | 234 (33.3) | 41 (27.7) | 29 (28.7) | 2 (10.5) | 0.428 | 77 (33.0) | 40 (24.4) | 5 (13.2) | 0.000 | 0.425 |
Medium | 275 (39.1) | 59 (39.8) | 32 (31.7) | 8 (42.1) | 109 (46.7) | 51 (31.1) | 16 (42.1) | ||||
High | 194 (27.6) | 48 (32.4) | 40 (39.6) | 9 (47.4) | 47 (20.2) | 73 (44.5) | 17 (44.9) | ||||
Average balance score, mean ± SD | 39.29 ± 23.27 | 40.67 ± 21.45 | 36.88 ± 23.63 | 38.40 ± 22.34 | 0.062 | 44.33 ± 22.61 | 35.54 ± 25.08 | 30.93 ± 19.88 | 0.000 | 0.424 | |
Diversity | Low | 249 (35.4) | 36 (24.3) | 37 (36.6) | 3 (15.8) | 0.001 | 67 (28.8) | 24 (14.6) | 3 (7.9) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Medium | 284 (40.4) | 87 (58.8) | 35 (34.7) | 6 (31.6) | 101 (43.4) | 48 (29.3) | 2 (5.3) | ||||
High | 170 (24.2) | 25 (16.9) | 29 (28.7) | 10 (52.6) | 65 (27.9) | 92 (56.1) | 28 (73.7) | ||||
Average diversity score, mean ± SD | 46.45 ± 17.20 | 51.82 ± 12.84 | 50.11 ± 18.91 | 38.66 ± 18.13 | 0.003 | 48.81 ± 16.37 | 39.85 ± 17.71 | 33.87 ± 14.20 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Moderation | Low | 114 (16.2) | 55 (37.2) | 45 (44.6) | 9 (47.4) | 0.119 | 104 (44.6) | 95 (57.9) | 23 (60.5) | 0.055 | 0.028 |
Medium | 258 (36.7) | 70 (47.3) | 32 (31.7) | 8 (42.1) | 89 (38.2) | 48 (29.3) | 11 (19.0) | ||||
High | 331 (47.1) | 23 (15.5) | 24 (23.8) | 2 (10.5) | 40 (17.2) | 21 (12.8) | 4 (10.5) | ||||
Average moderation score, mean ± SD | 82.55 ± 16.06 | 81.97 ± 14.77 | 79.24 ± 19.44 | 84.43 ± 17.19 | 0.308 | 81.63 ± 16.16 | 85.60 ± 14.45 | 85.18 ± 15.01 | 0.033 | 0.063 | |
Behavior | Low | 196 (27.9) | 77 (52.0) | 37 (36.6) | 2 (10.5) | 0.000 | 86 (36.9) | 33 (20.1) | 5 (13.2) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Medium | 267 (38.0) | 50 (33.7) | 33 (32.7) | 7 (36.9) | 96 (41.2) | 71 (43.3) | 10 (16.3) | ||||
High | 240 (34.1) | 21 (14.2) | 31 (30.7) | 10 (52.6) | 51 (21.9) | 60 (36.6) | 23 (60.5) | ||||
Average behavior score, mean ± SD | 56.09 ± 16.89 | 62.97 ± 15.43 | 56.49 ± 17.50 | 46.15 ± 15.75 | 0.000 | 58.23 ± 15.56 | 50.46 ± 16.32 | 44.47 ± 16.73 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
NQ-E levels (n = 703) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men (n = 268) | Women (n = 435) | |||||||
Low (n = 60) | Medium (n = 108) | High (n = 100) | p-Value | Low (n = 135) | Medium (n = 161) | High (n = 139) | p-Value | |
BMI (1), n (%) | ||||||||
≤Normal | 32 (53.3) | 35 (32.4) | 25 (25.0) | 0.007 | 67 (49.6) | 62 (38.5) | 64 (46.0) | 0.283 |
Overweight | 14 (23.3) | 42 (38.9) | 42 (42.0) | 36 (26.7) | 46 (28.6) | 33 (23.7) | ||
≥Obesity | 14 (23.3) | 31 (28.7) | 33 (33.0) | 32 (23.7) | 53 (32.9) | 42 (30.2) | ||
Average BMI, mean ± SD | 22.98 ± 2.83 | 23.75 ± 2.44 | 24.07 ± 2.34 | 0.030 | 22.97 ± 3.20 | 24.00 ± 3.20 | 23.78 ± 3.00 | 0.015 |
Numbers of diseases, n (%) | ||||||||
0 | 9 (15.0) | 17 (15.7) | 22 (22.0) | 0.005 | 6 (4.4) | 13 (8.1) | 24 (17.3) | 0.001 |
1–2 | 31 (51.7) | 76 (70.4) | 66 (66.0) | 60 (44.4) | 73 (45.3) | 70 (50.4) | ||
3 or more | 20 (33.3) | 15 (13.9) | 12 (12.0) | 69 (51.1) | 75 (46.6) | 45 (32.4) | ||
Ave. no. of disease, mean ± SD | 1.97 ± 1.40 | 1.45 ± 0.98 | 1.33 ± 1.13 | 0.002 | 2.86 ± 1.79 | 2.54 ± 1.58 | 1.96 ± 1.52 | 0.000 |
Number of medications, n (%) | ||||||||
0 | 11 (18.3) | 22 (20.4) | 29 (29.0) | 0.008 | 19 (14.1) | 18 (11.2) | 33 (23.7) | 0.001 |
1–2 | 35 (58.3) | 77 (71.3) | 64 (64.0) | 59 (43.7) | 99 (61.5) | 71 (51.1) | ||
3 or more | 14 (23.3) | 9 (8.3) | 7 (7.0) | 57 (42.2) | 44 (27.3) | 35 (25.2) | ||
Ave. no. of medication, mean ± SD | 1.72 ± 1.31 | 1.25 ± 0.87 | 1.14 ± 1.04 | 0.003 | 2.36 ± 1.71 | 2.06 ± 1.40 | 1.67 ± 1.45 | 0.001 |
Activities of daily living (ADL) | ||||||||
Requires no assistance | 32 (53.3) | 85(78.7) | 92(92.0) | 0.000 | 66 (48.9) | 109 (67.7) | 112 (80.6) | 0.000 |
Some assistance needed | 28 (46.7) | 23(21.3) | 8(8.0) | 69 (51.1) | 52 (32.3) | 27 (19.4) | ||
Transportation (2), n (%) | ||||||||
Walking only | 29 (48.3) | 20 (18.5) | 5 (5.0) | 0.000 | 60 (44.4) | 63 (39.1) | 15 (10.8) | 0.000 |
Bus | 30 (50.0) | 51 (47.2) | 29 (29.0) | 69 (51.1) | 88 (54.7) | 63 (45.3) | ||
Subway | 12 (20.0) | 37 (34.3) | 44 (44.0) | 29 (21.5) | 58 (36.0) | 47 (33.8) | ||
Car or taxi | 4 (6.7) | 35 (32.4) | 37 (37.0) | 20 (14.8) | 13 (8.1) | 36 (25.9) | ||
Etc. (3) | 2 (3.3) | 5 (4.6) | 7 (7.0) | 3 (2.2) | 4 (2.5) | 1 (0.7) | ||
Experience of social support by government (4), n (%) | ||||||||
Yes | 8 (13.3) | 12 (11.1) | 2 (2.0) | 0.015 | 39 (28.9) | 21 (13.0) | 11 (7.9) | 0.000 |
No | 52 (86.7) | 96 (88.9) | 98 (98.0) | 96 (71.1) | 140 (87.0) | 128 (92.1) | ||
Experience of nutrition counseling, n (%) | ||||||||
Yes | 7 (11.7) | 24 (22.2) | 26 (26.0) | 0.095 | 21 (15.6) | 30 (18.6) | 45 (32.4) | 0.001 |
No | 53 (88.3) | 84 (77.8) | 74 (74.0) | 114 (84.4) | 131 (81.4) | 94 (67.6) |
NQ-E levels (n = 703) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | |||||||
Low (n = 60) | Medium (n = 108) | High (n = 100) | p-Value | Low (n = 135) | Medium (n = 161) | High (n = 139) | p-Value | |
Current living status, n (%) | ||||||||
Alone | 23 (38.3) | 13 (12.0) | 2 (2.0) | 0.000 | 89 (65.9) | 61 (37.9) | 28 (20.1) | 0.000 |
Living with spouse | 31 (51.7) | 88 (81.5) | 91 (91.0) | 23 (17.0) | 61 (37.9) | 91 (65.5) | ||
With children or children family | 6 (10.0) | 7 (6.5) | 7 (7.0) | 23 (17.0) | 39 (24.2) | 20 (14.4) | ||
Social relations, n (%) | ||||||||
At least 3 times/week | 9 (15.0) | 56 (51.9) | 54 (54.0) | 0.000 | 47 (34.8) | 73 (45.3) | 93 (66.9) | 0.000 |
1–2 times/week | 14 (23.3) | 15 (13.9) | 29 (29.0) | 23 (17.0) | 35 (21.7) | 27 (19.4) | ||
Less than 3 times/month | 17 (28.3) | 24 (22.2) | 16 (16.0) | 27 (20.0) | 38 (23.6) | 18 (12.9) | ||
Almost none | 20 (33.3) | 13 (12.0) | 1 (1.0) | 38 (28.1) | 15 (9.3) | 1 (0.7) | ||
Social activity (1), n (%) | ||||||||
Resting and hobby activities | 28 (46.7) | 19 (17.6) | 11 (11.0) | 0.000 | 53 (39.3) | 35 (21.7) | 10 (7.2) | 0.000 |
Cultural and artistic activities | 5 (8.3) | 6 (5.6) | 12 (12.0) | 16 (11.9) | 19 (11.8) | 23 (16.5) | ||
Sports activities | 15 (25.0) | 52 (48.1) | 61 (61.0) | 15 (11.1) | 41 (25.5) | 72 (51.8) | ||
Other activities | 12 (20.0) | 31 (28.7) | 16 (16.0) | 51 (37.8) | 66 (41.0) | 34 (24.5) | ||
Frequency of social activity, n (%) | ||||||||
Rarely | 34 (56.7) | 26 (24.1) | 5 (5.0) | 0.000 | 80 (59.3) | 54 (33.5) | 11 (7.9) | 0.000 |
Regular | 18 (30.0) | 33 (30.6) | 44 (44.0) | 22 (16.3) | 53 (32.9) | 45 (32.4) | ||
Trying to be active | 8 (13.3) | 49 (45.4) | 51 (51.0) | 33 (24.4) | 54 (33.5) | 83 (59.7) | ||
Food security, n (%) | ||||||||
Food secure | 8 (13.3) | 51 (47.2) | 60 (60.0) | 0.000 | 29 (21.5) | 58 (36.0) | 93 (66.9) | 0.000 |
Mildly food insecure | 38 (63.3) | 48 (44.4) | 38 (38.0) | 76 (56.3) | 83 (51.6) | 41 (29.5) | ||
Moderately/severely food insecure | 14 (23.3) | 9 (8.3) | 2 (2.0) | 30 (22.2) | 20 (12.4) | 5 (3.6) | ||
Ability to cook, n (%) | ||||||||
Yes | 38 (63.3) | 63 (58.3) | 64 (64.0) | 0.668 | 115 (85.2) | 147 (91.3) | 133 (95.7) | 0.010 |
No | 22 (36.7) | 45 (41.7) | 36 (36.0) | 20 (14.8) | 14 (8.7) | 6 (4.3) | ||
Nutrition knowledge (2), n (%) | ||||||||
Low | 29 (48.3) | 17 (15.7) | 15 (15.0) | 0.000 | 58 (43.0) | 27 (16.8) | 3 (2.2) | 0.000 |
Medium | 25 (41.7) | 69 (63.9) | 41 (41.0) | 63 (46.7) | 97 (60.2) | 85 (61.2) | ||
High | 6 (10.0) | 22 (20.4) | 44 (44.0) | 14 (10.4) | 37 (23.0) | 51 (36.7) | ||
Average nutrition knowledge, mean ± SD | 3.57 ± 3.01 | 5.56 ± 2.50 | 6.34 ± 2.70 | 0.000 | 3.99 ± 2.76 | 5.85 ± 2.71 | 6.78 ± 1.75 | 0.000 |
Men (n = 268) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medium-NQ-E | High-NQ-E | |||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | Model 1 (1) OR (95% CI) | Model 2 (2) OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Model 1 OR (95% CI) | Model 2 OR (95% CI) | |
Current living status, n (%) | ||||||
Alone | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Living with spouse | 5.02 *** (2.27–11.10) | 3.10 * (1.21–7.93) | 2.74 (0.97–7.75) | 33.75 *** (7.52–151.48) | 11.75 ** (2.24–61.67) | 8.99 * (1.35–59.56) |
With children or children family | 2.06 (0.57–7.46) | 0.68 (0.14–3.31) | 0.40 (0.07–2.22) | 13.41 ** (2.19–81.99) | 3.02 (0.36–24.90) | 1.41 (0.12–15.74) |
Social relations, n (%) | ||||||
At least 3 times/week | 9.57 *** (3.55–25.80) | 2.60 (0.71–9.50) | 1.75 (0.41–7.43) | 120.00 *** (14.27–1008.50) | 15.34 * (1.31–179.57) | 8.26 (0.56–121.56) |
1–2 times/week | 1.64 (0.60–4.52) | 0.60 (0.16–2.18) | 0.35 (0.08–1.57) | 41.42 ** (5.03–340.76) | 8.69 (0.75–99.91) | 4.42 (0.29–65.60) |
Less than 3 times/month | 2.17 (0.85–5.53) | 1.32 (0.45–3.83) | 1.54 (0.46–5.14) | 18.82 ** (2.25–157.01) | 7.19 (0.63–82.00) | 8.78 (0.60–127.48) |
Almost none | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Social activity (3), n (%) | ||||||
Resting and hobby activities | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Cultural and artistic activities | 1.76 (0.47–6.63) | 0.85 (0.19–3.74) | 0.88 (0.16–4.83) | 6.10 ** (1.74–21.42) | 1.69 (0.36–7.78) | 2.56 (0.43–15.16) |
Sports activities | 5.10 *** (2.25–11.57) | 2.89 * (1.10–7.53) | 3.41 * (1.18–9.80) | 10.35 *** (4.21–25.39) | 2.41 (0.74–7.78) | 2.86 (0.75–10.79) |
Other activities | 3.80 ** (1.57–9.22) | 1.47 (0.48–4.42) | 1.16 (0.34–3.94) | 3.39 * (1.22–9.44) | 1.31 (0.34–4.93) | 0.94 (0.22–3.98) |
Frequency of social activity, n (%) | ||||||
Rarely | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Normal | 2.39 * (1.11–5.17) | 1.23 (0.49–3.04) | 0.83 (0.30–2.27) | 16.62 *** (5.60–49.30) | 5.77 ** (1.61–20.73) | 2.56 (0.65–10.12) |
Trying to be active | 8.01 *** (3.24–19.80) | 2.85 (0.96–8.43) | 2.26 (0.70–7.29) | 43.35 *** (13.07–143.73) | 9.04 ** (2.20–37.08) | 3.93 (0.86–17.85) |
Food security, n (%) | ||||||
Food secure | 9.91 *** (3.23–30.42) | 4.81 *(1.31–17.68) | 3.96 (0.87–17.95) | 52.50 *** (10.03–274.76) | 14.61 ** (2.08–102.16) | 6.57 (0.73–58.98) |
Mildly food insecure | 1.96 (0.76–5.02) | 1.29 (0.43–3.82) | 0.71 (0.18–2.73) | 7.00 * (1.48–32.92) | 3.22 (0.51–20.06) | 1.02 (0.12–8.29) |
Moderately/severely food insecure | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Nutrition knowledge (4), n (%) | ||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 4.70 *** (2.21–10.00) | 2.37 (0.95–5.90) | 2.32 (0.82–6.51) | 3.17 ** (1.42–7.03) | 0.74 (0.24–2.26) | 0.49 (0.13–1.82) |
High | 6.25 ** (2.11–18.47) | 1.95 (0.49–7.70) | 1.71 (0.35–8.31) | 14.17 *** (4.92–40.77) | 1.16 (0.27–4.92) | 0.76 (0.13–4.21) |
Men (n = 268) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medium-NQ-E | High-NQ-E | |||||
Crude OR (95% CI) | Model 1 (1) OR (95% CI) | Model 2 (2) OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Model 1 OR (95% CI) | Model 2 OR (95% CI) | |
Current living status, n (%) | ||||||
Alone | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Living with spouse | 3.87 *** (2.16–6.91) | 3.13 *** (1.65–5.92) | 3.11 ** (1.52–6.35) | 12.57 *** (6.73–23.47) | 5.44 *** (2.61–11.33) | 5.62 *** (2.36–13.38) |
With children or children family | 2.47 ** (1.34–4.55) | 2.08 * (1.08–3.97) | 1.95 (0.96–3.96) | 2.76 ** (1.32–5.76) | 1.70 (0.73–3.93) | 1.88 (0.72–4.88) |
Social relations, n (%) | ||||||
At least 3 times/week | 3.56 ** (1.64–7.73) | 2.86 ** (1.35–6.08) | 2.35 * (1.02–5.40) | 25.33 ** (3.18–201.41) | 24.94 ** (3.10–200.17) | 16.04 * (1.72–149.18) |
1–2 times/week | 3.85 ** (1.73–8.54) | 2.22 (0.92–5.31) | 2.07 (0.81–5.31) | 44.60 *** (5.67–350.69) | 10.25 * (1.19–88.33) | 9.80 (0.99–96.57) |
Less than 3 times/month | 3.93 *** (1.95–7.93) | 2.88 * (1.28–6.47) | 2.70 * (1.12–6.51) | 75.19 *** (10.01–564.74) | 11.03 * (1.28–94.59) | 9.42 (0.94–93.74) |
Almost none | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Social activity (3), n (%) | ||||||
Resting and hobby activities | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Cultural and artistic activities | 1.79 (0.81–3.96) | 1.45 (0.62–3.36) | 1.56 (0.61–3.98) | 7.61 *** (3.00–19.29) | 3.59 * (1.21–10.65) | 5.11 * (1.46–17.82) |
Sports activities | 4.13 *** (1.99–8.58) | 3.40 ** (1.56–7.43) | 2.98 * (1.28–6.91) | 25.44 *** (10.60–61.04) | 13.91 *** (5.06–38.17) | 12.07 *** (3.91–37.20) |
Other activities | 1.96 * (1.11–3.43) | 1.47 (0.79–2.74) | 1.46 (0.75–2.87) | 3.53 ** (1.58–7.88) | 2.34 (0.92–5.91) | 2.32 (0.81–6.58) |
Frequency of social activity, n (%) | ||||||
Rarely | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Normal | 3.56 ***(1.94–6.53) | 3.07 **(1.62–5.83) | 2.64 **(1.30–5.38) | 14.87 ***(6.61–33.46) | 7.75 ***(3.14–19.11) | 5.75 **(2.09–15.76) |
Trying to be active | 2.42 **(1.39–4.21) | 1.95 *(1.07–3.53) | 1.41(0.72–2.75) | 18.29 ***(8.65–38.65) | 9.45 ***(4.11–21.71) | 5.28 **(2.05–13.58) |
Food security, n (%) | ||||||
Food secure | 3.00 **(1.46–6.16) | 2.81 **(1.29–6.13) | 1.79 (0.73–4.41) | 19.241 ***(6.83–54.137) | 10.79 ***(3.44–33.86) | 5.07 *(1.35–18.97) |
Mildly food insecure | 1.63 (0.85–3.12) | 1.52 (0.76–3.04) | 1.40 (0.64–3.06) | 3.23 *(1.16–8.97) | 2.28 (0.74–7.01) | 1.98 (0.54–7.17) |
Moderately/severely food insecure | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Nutrition knowledge (4), n (%) | ||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 3.30 *** (1.89–5.76) | 2.87 ** (1.58–5.20) | 2.61 ** (1.36–5.00) | 26.08 *** (7.81–87.06) | 19.86 *** (5.17–76.15) | 17.71 *** (4.14–75.763) |
High | 5.67 *** (2.63–12.21) | 3.52 ** (1.52–8.17) | 3.50 ** (1.35–9.03) | 70.42 *** (19.14–259.06) | 23.61 *** (5.46–102.12) | 20.49 *** (4.12–101.73) |
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Kim, D.E.; Lim, H.-S.; Ahn, H.; Kim, Y.S.; Park, Y.K. Sex Differences in the Association between Living Environmental Factors and Nutritional Status in Community-Dwelling Elderly Koreans. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176034
Kim DE, Lim H-S, Ahn H, Kim YS, Park YK. Sex Differences in the Association between Living Environmental Factors and Nutritional Status in Community-Dwelling Elderly Koreans. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176034
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Dong Eun, Hee-Sook Lim, Hyejin Ahn, Young Sun Kim, and Yoo Kyoung Park. 2020. "Sex Differences in the Association between Living Environmental Factors and Nutritional Status in Community-Dwelling Elderly Koreans" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176034