Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Estuaries of Two Rivers of the Sea of Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area Characteristic
2.2. Sampling Points and Sample Collection
2.3. Sample Pre-Treatment and Analysis
2.4. QA/QC
2.5. Ecological Risk Assessment
2.6. Mass Fluxes Calculation
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PAH Levels in the Tumen and Partizanskaya River Estuaries
3.2. Seasonal PAH Variability
3.3. Compositional PAH Profiles
3.4. PAH Source Apportionment
3.5. Relationship between PAH Concentration and Salinity
3.6. Risk Assessment of PAHs
3.7. Riverine PAH Mass Flux
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Estuary | PAHs Concentration | Authors |
---|---|---|
Tumen River, Russia (n = 44) | 13TPAHs 8.4–159.6 ng/L (33.3 ± 35.1 ng/L) * | This study |
13DPAHs 6.1–66.2 ng/L (17.6 ± 13.8 ng/L) * | ||
13PPAHs 2.2–93.3 ng/L (15.7 ± 21.7 ng/L) * | ||
Partizanskaya River, Russia (n = 56) | 13TPAHs 10.7–58.6 ng/L (20.3 ± 10.6 ng/L) * | This study |
13DPAHs 6.2–41.3 ng/L (15.4 ± 9.5 ng/L) * | ||
13PPAHs 2.9–17.3 ng/L (5.2 ± 2.6 ng/L) * | ||
Yangtze River, China | 16TPAHs 12.9–638.1 ng/L | [26] |
Yinma River, China | 16TPAHs 175–325 ng/L | [27] |
Pearl River, China (n = 48) | 16TPAHs 133.6–707.7 ng/L 16DPAHs 12.7–160.2 ng/L (87 ± 48 ng/L) | [22] |
Sarno River, Italy (n = 52) | 16DPAHs 12.4–2321.1 ng/L (739 ng/L) 16PPAHs 6.1–778.9 ng/L (254.9 ng/L) | [28] |
Urias River, Mexico (n = 20) | 16TPAHs 9–347 ng/L | [29] |
Juilong River, China (n = 72) | 16TPAHs 17.5–125.9 ng/L | [30] |
Tumen Estuary | |||||
Average Annual | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn | |
Fresh and brackish water | 43.3 ± 43.5 | 19.64 ± 3.76 | 20.07 ± 5.72 | 101.54 ± 45.42 | 29.7 ± 6.96 |
(n = 29) | (n = 6) | (n = 8) | (n = 8) | (n = 5) | |
Saline water | 14.0 ± 9.0 | 14.31 ± 0.87 | 7.85 ± 0.89 * | 9.69 ± 3.19 * | 11.13 ± 1.25 ** |
(n = 15) | (n = 4) | (n = 3) | (n = 2) | (n = 5) | |
Partizanskaya Estuary | |||||
Average Annual | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn | |
Fresh and brackish water | 18.9 ± 10.5 | 35.67 ± 10.02 | 13.21 ± 3.04 | 11.66 ± 1.00 | 18.05 ± 3.03 |
(n = 37) | (n = 8) | (n = 11) | (n = 9) | (n = 9) | |
Saline water | 16.7 ± 4.5 | - | 13.94 ± 3.13 | 15.36 ± 3.28 | 20.06 ± 4.53 |
(n = 19) | (n = 5) | (n = 7) | (n = 7) |
Tumen River Estuary | Partizanskaya River Estuary | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn | |
Ace | 3.2 | 2.3 | 19.3 | 2.7 | 6.6 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 2.5 |
Fle | 8.8 | 7.4 | 21.5 | 7.8 | 19.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 7.5 |
Ant | 1.2 | 0.7 | 5.6 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
Flu | 1.1 | 0.9 | 7.2 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 |
Pyr | 8.4 | 5.8 | 25.5 | 8.6 | 10.1 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 6.9 |
BaA | 10.0 | 5.2 | 26.5 | 10.7 | 6.5 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 4.6 |
Chr | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
BbF | 2.4 | 2.3 | 18.6 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 3.8 |
BkF | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
BaP | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
DBA | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
BPe | 0.5 | 0.5 | 5.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.9 |
IDP | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
Tumen River | Partizanskaya River | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
J, kg | Jmean, kg | Q, m3/s | J, kg | Jmean, kg | Q, m3/s | |
Winter | 1.1–1.8 | 1.3 | 8.4 | 1.3–2.4 | 1.6 | 8.3 |
Spring | 289–704 | 332 | 475 | 2.9–4.8 | 3.6 | 37.1 |
Summer | 1914–4924 | 2182 | 999 | 12.8–27.8 | 15.8 | 47.0 |
Autumn | 10–19 | 12 | 67.5 | 6.0–12.0 | 7.4 | 55.1 |
Annual | 2214–5649 | 2527 | 390.5 | 23.0–46.9 | 28.4 | 36.9 |
Discharge, km3/yr | PAHs ng/L/N * | PAH Flux, Tons/yr | PAH Per Unit Volume Flow Rate t/km3/yr ** | Coast | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tumen River | 6.78 [17] | 18.5–88.9/13 | 2.2–5.6 (mean 2.5) | 0.3–0.8 | Northwestern Sea of Japan | This study |
Partizanskaya River | 1.32 [18] | 11.7–35/13 | 0.023–0.047 (mean 0.028) | 0.017–0.036 | ||
Pearl River | 350 | 126/15 | 33.9 | 0.1 | South China Sea | [51] |
Yangtze River | 980 | 232 | 0.24 | East China Sea | ||
Yellow River | 57 | 70.5 | 1.24 | Bohai Sea | ||
Heilongjiang River | 350 | 30.2 | 0.09 | |||
Brahmaputra River | 140 | 0.4 | 0.003 | Indian Ocean | ||
Rhone River | 33.8 | 5.3–33 | 0.16–0.98 | Mediterranean Sea | [52] | |
Ebro River | 6.3 | 1.3 | 0.2 | |||
Rivers of Jinhae Bay | - | -/16 | 0.65 × 10−4–0.01 (mean 0.0016) | Jinhae Bay, South-western Sea of Japan | [53] |
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Chizhova, T.; Koudryashova, Y.; Prokuda, N.; Tishchenko, P.; Hayakawa, K. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Estuaries of Two Rivers of the Sea of Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176019
Chizhova T, Koudryashova Y, Prokuda N, Tishchenko P, Hayakawa K. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Estuaries of Two Rivers of the Sea of Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176019
Chicago/Turabian StyleChizhova, Tatiana, Yuliya Koudryashova, Natalia Prokuda, Pavel Tishchenko, and Kazuichi Hayakawa. 2020. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Estuaries of Two Rivers of the Sea of Japan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176019