Proposal of New Health Risk Assessment Method for Deficient Essential Elements in Drinking Water—Case Study of the Slovak Republic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Area Description
2.2. Selection of Municipalities
2.3. Characteristics of Ca, Mg Content and Water Hardness in Municipalities Supplied with Drinking Water of Different Hardness
2.4. Characteristics of the Health Status of the Population in Municipalities Supplied with Drinking Water of Different Hardness
2.5. Methodology of Hazard Quotient Calculation for Deficient Essential Elements
- Average Daily Required Dose (ADRD),
- Average Daily Accepted Dose (ADAD),
- Average Daily Missing Dose (ADMD).
2.5.1. Derivation of MRC Based on Standard Values
2.5.2. Derivation of MRC Based on Real Data
2.5.3. Calculation of Hazard Quotient—HQd
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group of Municipalities | Ca | Mg | (Ca + Mg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | mmol·L−1 | ||
“soft” water | Average | 21.2 | 5.66 | 0.77 |
Minimum | 5.40 | 2.00 | 0.26 | |
Maximum | 48.9 | 16.8 | 1.69 | |
Median | 20.7 | 4.45 | 0.75 | |
“hard” water | Average | 70.1 | 26.4 | 2.84 |
Minimum | 38.5 | 12.6 | 1.58 | |
Maximum | 96.8 | 38.0 | 3.84 | |
Median | 73.7 | 27.6 | 2.75 |
Group of Municipalities | LE 1 | ReC 2 | ReI 3 | ReJ 4 | ReK 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
“soft” water | 69.40 | 282.53 | 852.42 | 100.92 | 82.65 |
“hard” water | 74.68 | 171.11 | 455.11 | 45.37 | 34.27 |
Slovak Republic | 72.60 | 212.79 | 531.05 | 58.08 | 45.83 |
Parameter | Value | Unit | Source |
---|---|---|---|
BW—body weight | 70 | kg | [2] |
AT—averaging exposure time | 365 | day | [38] |
CW—content of chemical element in water | site specific | mg·L−1 | |
IR—daily water intake | 2 | L·day−1 | [38] |
EF—exposure frequency | 365 | day·year−1 | [1] |
ED—duration of exposure | 1 | year | [38] |
Calcium | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean “soft” water | CaReC 1 | CaReI | CaReJ | CaReK | Ca | |
LV 2 | MRC 3 | |||||
28.15 | 34.03 | 36.84 | 38.23 | 31.21 | 62.42 | |
Magnesium | ||||||
Mean “soft” water | MgReC | MgReI | MgReJ | MgReK | Mg | |
LV | MRC | |||||
7.52 | 9.09 | 9.83 | 10.21 | 8.33 | 16.66 | |
Water Hardness | ||||||
Mean “soft” water | (Ca + Mg)ReC | (Ca + Mg)ReI | (Ca + Mg)ReJ | (Ca + Mg)ReK | (Ca + Mg) | |
LV | MRC | |||||
1.02 | 1.24 | 1.34 | 1.39 | 1.13 | 2.26 |
Risk Level | HQd | Risk of Chronic Diseases |
---|---|---|
1 | ≤0.1 | Without risk |
2 | >0.1 | Low |
3 | >1.0 | Medium |
4 | >4.0 | High |
ADADMg 1 | ADADCa | ADAD(Ca + Mg) | HQdMg 2 | HQdCa | HQd(Ca + Mg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
“soft” water group | ||||||
Average | 0.162 | 0.606 | 0.022 | 2.94 | 2.94 | 2.95 |
Median | 0.127 | 0.591 | 0.021 | 3.75 | 3.01 | 3.01 |
Maximum | 0.480 | 1.397 | 0.048 | 8.33 | 11.6 | 8.69 |
Minimum | 0.057 | 0.154 | 0.007 | 0.99 | 1.28 | 1.34 |
“hard” water group | ||||||
Average | 0.754 | 2.003 | 0.081 | 0.63 | 0.89 | 0.80 |
Median | 0.789 | 2.106 | 0.079 | 0.60 | 0.85 | 0.82 |
Maximum | 1.086 | 2.766 | 0.110 | 1.32 | 1.62 | 1.43 |
Minimum | 0.360 | 1.100 | 0.045 | 0.44 | 0.64 | 0.59 |
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Rapant, S.; Cvečková, V.; Hiller, E.; Jurkovičová, D.; Kožíšek, F.; Stehlíková, B. Proposal of New Health Risk Assessment Method for Deficient Essential Elements in Drinking Water—Case Study of the Slovak Republic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5915. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165915
Rapant S, Cvečková V, Hiller E, Jurkovičová D, Kožíšek F, Stehlíková B. Proposal of New Health Risk Assessment Method for Deficient Essential Elements in Drinking Water—Case Study of the Slovak Republic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(16):5915. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165915
Chicago/Turabian StyleRapant, Stanislav, Veronika Cvečková, Edgar Hiller, Dana Jurkovičová, František Kožíšek, and Beáta Stehlíková. 2020. "Proposal of New Health Risk Assessment Method for Deficient Essential Elements in Drinking Water—Case Study of the Slovak Republic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5915. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165915