High Mobility and STIs/HIV among Women Informal Cross Border Traders in Southern Mozambique: Exploring Knowledge, Risk Perception, and Sexual Behaviors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Measures
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Study Participants and Mukhero Activity
3.2. Knowledge about Sexually Transmitted Infections including HIV/AIDS
3.3. Perception of Risk to STIs
3.4. Sexual Risk Behaviors, Reported Signs, and Symptoms of STIs
3.5. Knowledge, Risk Perception, Lifetime STI’s Testing, Risky Sexual Behaviors about STIs/HIV, and Level of Education
3.6. Knowledge about STIs/HIV and Marital Status
3.7. Knowledge, Risk Perception, Lifetime STI’s Testing, Sexual Behaviors about STIs/HIV, and Income from Mukhero
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n (%) | Variable | n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age group | Income from Mukhero | ||
18–25 | 12 (6.0) | Eq. 3 minimum salaries | 123 (61.5) |
26–34 | 62 (31.0) | Eq. 4 minimum salaries | 48 (24.0) |
35–49 | 126 (63.0) | Eq. 6 minimum salaries | 29 (14.5) |
Total | 200 (100) | Total | 200 (100) |
Marital status | Motivations for practicing Mukhero | ||
Single | 61 (30.5) | Low school level | 27 (13.5) |
Married | 40 (20.0) | Unemployment | 49 (24.5) |
Marital union | 76 (39.5) | Increase family revenue | 46 (23.0) |
Divorced | 7 (3.5) | Partner’s low salary | 29 (14.5) |
Widow | 13 (6.5) | Divorce and widow | 11 (5.5) |
Missing | 3 (1.5) | High fiscal taxes | 3 (1.5) |
Influence of friends Influence of relatives | 18 (9.0) 17 (8.5) | ||
Total | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | |
Level of education | Start of the practice of Mukhero | ||
None | 0 (0.0) | <5 years | 83 (41.5) |
Grade 1–5 | 36 (18.0) | 5–10 years | 55 (27.5) |
Grade 6–10 | 114 (57) | 10–15 years | 27 (13.5) |
Grade 11–12 | 33 (16.5) | 15–20 years | 26 (13.0) |
Tertiary education | 17 (8.5) | >20 years | 9 (4.5) |
Total | 200 (100) | Total | 200 (100) |
Household size | Number of monthly trips | ||
1–3 | 17 (8.5) | 1–3 trips | 40 (20.0) |
4–6 | 108 (54.0) | 4–6 trips | 135 (67.5) |
≥7 | 63 (37.5) | >7 trips | 25 (12.5) |
Total | 200 (100 | Total | 200 (100) |
Main occupation | |||
Mukhero | 160 (80.0) | ||
Other | 40 (20) | ||
Total | 200 (100) |
Have Heard about the Following STIs | HIV n (%) | Syphilis n (%) | HPV n (%) | Gonorrhea n (%) | Trichomoniasis n (%) | Candidiasis n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | 200 (100) | 82 (41.0) | 109 (54.5) | 174 (87.4) | 30 (15.0) | 38 (19.0) |
No | - | 112 (56.0) | 84 (42.0) | 25 (12.5) | 165 (58.0) | 153 (76.5) |
Dk/Da | - | 6 (3.0) | 7 (3.5) | 1 (0.5) | 5 (2.5) | 9 (4.5) |
Total | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) |
Variable | HIV n (%) | Syphilis n (%) | HPV n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Ways of transmission of STIs | |||
Sexual intercourse | |||
Yes | 188 (94.0) | 34 (17.0) | 11 (5.5) |
No | 7 (3.5) | 4 (2.0) | 2 (1.0) |
Dk/Da | 5 (2.5) | 162 (81.0) | 187 (93.5) |
Total | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) |
Sexual intercourse without protection | |||
Yes | 192 (96.0) | 34 (17.0) | 11 (5.5) |
No | 4 (2.0) | 3 (1.5) | 2 (1.0) |
Dk/Da | 4 (2.0) | 163 (81.5) | 187 (93.5) |
Total | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) |
Sexual intercourse without protection with various partners | |||
Yes | 175 (87.5) | 29 (14.5) | 10 (5.0) |
No | 18 (9.0) | 6 (3.0) | 2 (1.0) |
Dk/Da | 7 (3.5) | 165 (82.5) | 188 (94.0) |
Total | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) |
Through mosquito bite | |||
Yes | 44 (22.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) |
No | 126 (63.0) | 11 (5.5) | 11 (5.5) |
Dk/Da | 30 (15.0) | 188 (94.0) | 188 (94.0) |
Total | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) |
Ways of prevention of STIs | HIV | Syphilis | HPV |
Regular condom use | |||
Yes | 195 (97.5) | 36 (18.0) | 17 (8.5) |
No | 2 (1.0) | - | 4 (2.0) |
Dk/Da | 3 (1.5) | 164 | 179 (89.5) |
Total | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) |
Reduction of the number of sexual partners | |||
Yes | 177 (88.5) | 36 (18.0) | 16 (8.0) |
No | 18 (9.0) | - | 5 (2.5) |
Dk/Da | 5 (2.5) | 164 | 179 (89.5) |
Total | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) |
To have only one sexual partner not infected | |||
Yes | 181 (90.5) | 36 (18.0) | 16 (8.0) |
No | 14 (7.0) | - | 5 (2.5) |
Dk/Da | 5 (2.5) | 164 | 179 (89.5) |
Total | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) |
To have sexual intercourse with several partners | |||
Yes | 29 (14.4) | 5 (2.5) | 1 (0.5) |
No | 166 (70.0) | 29 (14.5) | 13 (6.5) |
Dk/Da | 5 (2.5) | 166 (83.0) | 186 (93.9) |
Total | 200(100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) |
To have sexual intercourse with virgin girls and boys | |||
Yes | 39 (19.5) | 5 (2.5) | 1 (0.5) |
No | 140 (70.0) | 29 (14.5) | 13 (6.5) |
Dk/Da | 21 (10.5) | 166 (83.0) | 186 (93.9) |
Total | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) |
Testing for the following STIs | |||
Yes | 85.0 | 10.0 | (10.0) |
No | 15.0 | 78.5 | (78.5) |
Dk/Da | - | 11.5 | (11.5) |
Total | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) |
Possibility | HIV n (%) | Syphilis n (%) | HPV n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
High possibility | 133 (66.5) | 8 (4.0) | 10 (8.1) |
Low possibility | 55 (27.5) | 27 (13.5) | 7 (5.6) |
Dk/Da | 12 (6.0) | 165 (82.5) | 183 (86.3) |
Total | 200 (100) | 200 (100) | 200 (100) |
Variable | n | % |
---|---|---|
How many sexual partners have you had in the last 12 months? | ||
0 | 2 | 1.0 |
1 | 156 | 78.0 |
>2 | 22 | 11.0 |
Dk/Da | 20 | 10.0 |
Total | 200 | 100 |
Did you have occasional sexual intercourse in the past 12 months? | ||
Yes | 30 | 15.0 |
No | 168 | 84.0 |
Dk/Da | 2 | 1.0 |
Total | 200 | 100 |
Did you always use a condom? | ||
Yes | 16 | 53.3 |
No | 9 | 30.0 |
Dk/Da | 5 | 16.7 |
Total | 30 | 100 |
Have you ever had sex in exchange for money/goods/services? | ||
Yes | 15 | 7.5 |
No | 184 | 92.0 |
Dk/Da | 1 | 0.5 |
Total | 200 | 100 |
Sex in exchange for services | ||
Yes | 14 | 99.5 |
No | 1 | 0.5 |
Dk/Da | - | - |
Total | 15 | 100 |
Reported signs and symptoms of STIs | ||
Vaginal discharge | ||
Yes | 34 | 17.0 |
No | 165 | 82.5 |
Dk/Da | 1 | 0.5 |
Total | 200 | 100 |
Pain in the lower abdomen | ||
Yes | 38 | 19.0 |
No | 161 | 80.5 |
Dk/Da | 1 | 0.5 |
Total | 200 | 100 |
Genital itching (itching) | ||
Yes | 18 | 9.0 |
No | 179 | 89.0 |
Dk/Da | 3 | 1.5 |
Total | 200 | 100 |
Ulcer/wound/genital tumor | ||
Yes | 6 | 3.0 |
No | 192 | 96.0 |
Dk/Da | 2 | 1.0 |
Total | 200 | 100 |
Variable | n (%) | Education Level | n (%) | Marital Status | n (%) | Income from Mukhero | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | Low | p | Married | Not Married | p | High | Low | p | ||||
Knowledge about STIs/HIV | ||||||||||||
Has heard about Gonorrhea | n = 199 | n = 50 | n = 149 | |||||||||
Yes | 174 (87.4) | 48 (96.0) | 126 (84.6) | <0.001 | - | - | - | |||||
No | 25 (12.6) | 2 (4.0) | 23 (15.4) | - | - | |||||||
Has heard about HPV | n = 193 | n = 28 | n = 165 | |||||||||
Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 109 (56.5) | 16 (57.1) | 93 (56.4) | <0.001 | |
No | - | - | - | - | 84 (43.5) | 12 (42.9) | 72 (43.6) | |||||
Has heard about Syphilis | n = 194 | n = 50 | n = 144 | |||||||||
Yes | 82 (42.3) | 33 (66.0) | 49 (34.0) | <0.001 | - | - | - | |||||
No | 112 (57.7) | 17 (34.0) | 95 (66.0) | |||||||||
Has heard about Candidiasis | n = 191 | n = 49 | n = 142 | n = 191 | n = 113 | n = 78 | ||||||
Yes | 38 (19.9) | 17 (34.7) | 21 (14.79) | <0.001 | 38 (19.9) | 19 (16.8) | 19 (24.4) | 0.021 | ||||
No | 153 (80.1) | 32 (65,3) | 121 (85.21) | 153 (80.1) | 94 (83.2)) | 59 (75.6) | ||||||
Has heard about Tricomoniasis | n = 195 | n = 117 | n = 78 | |||||||||
Yes | - | - | - | - | 30 (15.4) | 13 (11.1) | 17 (21.8) | 0.028 | ||||
No | - | - | - | 165 (84.6) | 104 (88.9) | 61 (78.2) | ||||||
Sex with one uninfected partner prevents HIV | n = 195 | n = 116 | n = 79 | |||||||||
Yes | - | - | - | - | 181 (92.8) | 104 (86.6) | 77 (97.5) | 0.047 | ||||
No | - | - | 14 (7.2) | 12 (10.4) | 2 (2.5) | |||||||
Mosquito’s bite spreads HIV | n = 171 | n = 45 | n = 126 | |||||||||
Yes | 44 (25.73) | 4 (8,9) | 40 (31.75) | <0.001 | ||||||||
No | 127 (74.27) | 41 (91.0) | 86 (68.25) | |||||||||
Drink/share some cup or toilet spreads HIV | - | - | - | - | n = 193 | n = 116 | n = 77 | |||||
Yes | - | - | - | - | 46 (23.8) | 20 (17.2) | 26 (33.8) | 0.009 | - | - | - | |
No | - | - | - | - | 147 (76.2) | 96 (82.8) | 51 (66.2) | - | - | |||
Unprotected sex with multiple partners spreads Syphilis | n = 35 | n = 12 | n = 23 | |||||||||
Yes | 29 (82.9) | 11 (91.7) | 18 (78.3) | 0.006 | - | - | - | |||||
No | 6 (17.1) | 1 (8.3) | 5 (21.7) | - | - | |||||||
Sex with one uninfected partner prevents Syphilis | n = 195 | n = 29 | n = 166 | |||||||||
Yes | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 181 (92.8) | 23 (79.3) | 158 (95.2) | 0.027 |
No | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 14 (7.2) | 6 (20.7) | 8 (4.8) | |
Sex with virgin young boys prevents HIV | n = 170 | n = 46 | n = 124 | n = 170 | n = 98 | n = 72 | 0.038 | |||||
Yes | 32 (18.8) | 1 (2.2) | 31 (25.0) | 0.006 | 32 (18.8) | 26 (26.5) | 6 (8.3) | |||||
No | 138 (81.2) | 45 (97.8) | 93 (75.0) | 138 (81.2) | 72 (73.5) | 66 (91.7) | ||||||
Sex with virgin young girl prevents HIV | n = 170 | n = 46 | n = 124 | 0.007 | - | - | - | - | ||||
n = 179 | n = 46 | n = 133 | - | - | - | |||||||
Yes | 39 (21.8) | 1 (2.2) | 38 (28,6) | 0.007 | - | - | - | |||||
No | 140 (78.2) | 45 (97.8) | 95 (71.4) | - | - | |||||||
Perception of getting STIs/HIV | ||||||||||||
Perception of getting HIV/AIDS by Mukheristas | n = 197 | n = 50 | n = 147 | |||||||||
High risk | 133 (67.5) | 43 (86.0) | 90 (61.2) | - | - | - | ||||||
Low risk | 55 (27.9)) | 4 (8.0) | 51 (34.7) | 0.015 | - | - | - | |||||
Dk/Da | 9 (4.6) | 3 (6.0) | 6 (4.1) | - | - | - | ||||||
Perception of getting HPV by sex workers | n = 186 | n = 26 | n = 160 | |||||||||
High risk | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 176 (94.6) | 26 (100.0) | 150 (93.8) | 0.036 | |
Low risk | - | - | - | - | - | 10 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (6.2) | ||||
Perception of getting Syphilis by Mukheristas | n = 200 | n = 50 | n = 150 | n = 200 | n = 29 | n = 171 | ||||||
High risk | 27 (13.5) | 12 (24.0) | 15 (10.0) | <0.001 | - | - | - | 27 (13.5) | 9 (31.1) | 18 (10.5) | 0.022 | |
Low risk | 8 (4.0) | 1 (2.0) | 7 (4.7) | - | - | 8 (4.0) | 1 (3.4) | 7 (4.1) | ||||
Dk/Da | 165 (82.5) | 37 (74.0) | 128 (85.3) | - | - | 165 (82.5) | 19 (65.5) | 146 (85.4) | ||||
Perception of getting HPV by Mukheristas | n = 124 | n = 35 | n = 89 | n = 27 | n = 158 | n = 185 | ||||||
High risk | 7 (5.6) | 6 (17.1) | 1 (1.1) | - | - | - | 20 (74.1) | 121 (76.6) | 141 (76.2) | 0.041 | ||
Low risk | 10 (8.1) | 1 (2.9) | 9 (10.1) | 0.01 | - | - | 7 (25.9) | 37 (23.4) | 44 (23.8) | |||
Dk/Da | 107 (86.3) | 28 (80.0) | 79 (88.8) | - | - | |||||||
Testing STIs/HIV | ||||||||||||
Ever tested for HIV | n = 199 | n = 50 | n = 149 | n = 199 | n = 29 | n = 170 | ||||||
Yes | 170 (85.4) | 47 (94.0) | 123 (82.6) | 0.046 | - | - | - | 170 (85.4) | 27 (93.1) | 143 (84.1) | 0.011 | |
No | 29 (14.6) | 3 (6.0) | 26 (17.4) | - | - | 29 (14.5) | 2 (6.9) | 27 (15.9) | ||||
Ever tested for Syphilis | n = 177 | n = 44 | n = 133 | |||||||||
Yes | 20 (11.3) | 10 (22.7) | 10 (7.5) | 0.003 | - | - | - | |||||
No | 157 (88.7) | 34 (77.3) | 123 (92.5) | - | - | |||||||
Risk sexual behaviors | ||||||||||||
Ever had sex in exchange for money/goods/services | n = 15 | n = 6 | n = 9 | n = 199 | n = 28 | n = 171 | ||||||
Yes | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (11.1) | 0.01 | - | - | - | 15 (7.5) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (8.8) | 0.042 | |
No | 14 (93.3) | 6 (100.0) | 8 (88.9) | - | - | 184 (92.5) | 28 (100,0) | 156 (91.2) |
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Salia, J.G.; Sidat, M.; Dias, S.F.; Martins, M.R.O.; Craveiro, I. High Mobility and STIs/HIV among Women Informal Cross Border Traders in Southern Mozambique: Exploring Knowledge, Risk Perception, and Sexual Behaviors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4724. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134724
Salia JG, Sidat M, Dias SF, Martins MRO, Craveiro I. High Mobility and STIs/HIV among Women Informal Cross Border Traders in Southern Mozambique: Exploring Knowledge, Risk Perception, and Sexual Behaviors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(13):4724. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134724
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalia, Joana G, Mohsin Sidat, Sónia F Dias, Maria R O Martins, and Isabel Craveiro. 2020. "High Mobility and STIs/HIV among Women Informal Cross Border Traders in Southern Mozambique: Exploring Knowledge, Risk Perception, and Sexual Behaviors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13: 4724. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134724