Determination of Selenium in Common and Selenium-Rich Rice from Different Areas in China and Assessment of Their Dietary Intake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of Sampling Sites and Sampling
2.2. Sample Pretreatment for Total Selenium Detection
2.3. Sample Pretreatment for Inorganic Selenium Detection
2.4. Detection of Organic Selenium
2.5. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Working Conditions
2.6. Quality Assurance and Quality Control Data
2.7. Precision and Stability of the Detection Method
2.8. Assessment Model of Daily Dietary Selenium Intake
2.9. Risk index Calculation
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Selenium Content of Common/Selenium-Rich Rice Samples from Different Areas in China
3.2. Distribution of Inorganic and Organic Selenium in Selenium-Rich Rice Samples
3.3. Dietary Selenium Intake and Risk Index of Common/Selenium-Rich Rice in Different Areas
3.4. Dietary Selenium Intake and Risk Index of Common Rice Consumed by Different Age and Genders Groups
3.5. Dietary Selenium Intake and Risk Index of Selenium-Rich Rice Consumed by the Population in Different Ages and Genders
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Testing Index | Background Value of the Sample Being Tested (mg/kg) | Amount of Reference Substance Added to 0.2 g Sample (μg) | Average Recovery (%) | Relative Standard Deviation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total selenium | 0.126 | 0.020 | 98.17 | 4.15 |
0.040 | 99.98 | 3.74 | ||
0.060 | 99.17 | 0.50 | ||
Inorganic selenium | 0.057 | 0.024 | 95.11 | 7.22 |
0.030 | 98.93 | 0.02 | ||
0.036 | 83.19 | 4.67 |
Food Samples | n | Mean | Relative Standard Deviation | Range | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rice | —— | 70.25 | 7.5 | 62.70–87.00 | USA [32] |
4 | 1.83 | 9.0 | 2.01 ± 0.18 (white rice) | Italy [37] | |
5 | 4.52 | 4.7 | 5.30 ± 0.10 (red rice) | Italy [37] | |
3 | 2.05 | 1.9 | 2.67 ±0.13 (black rice) | Italy [37] | |
4 | 3.41 | 9.0 | 4.53 ± 0.41 (white rice hull) | Italy [37] | |
27 | 1.80 | —— | 1.20–2.40 | Spain [31] | |
69 | 0.35 | 8.5 | 0.05–0.12 | Iran [33] | |
58 | —— | —— | 1.40–3.60 | China [35] | |
24 | 1.85 | 5.6 | 1.77–2.05 | Greece f | |
69 | —— | —— | 1.60–7.00 | Japan [36] | |
—— | 4.58 | 5.7 | 0.50–9.50 | India [34] | |
15 | 6.50 | 4.8 | 1.50–13.00 | Bangladesh [30] | |
—— | —— | —— | 1.30–9.90 | Ireland [32] | |
16 | 19.30 | 5.9 | —— | Egypt [33] |
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Zhang, L.; Guo, Y.; Liang, K.; Hu, Z.; Sun, X.; Fang, Y.; Mei, X.; Yin, H.; Liu, X.; Lu, B. Determination of Selenium in Common and Selenium-Rich Rice from Different Areas in China and Assessment of Their Dietary Intake. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124596
Zhang L, Guo Y, Liang K, Hu Z, Sun X, Fang Y, Mei X, Yin H, Liu X, Lu B. Determination of Selenium in Common and Selenium-Rich Rice from Different Areas in China and Assessment of Their Dietary Intake. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124596
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Liuquan, Yanbin Guo, Kehong Liang, Zhongqiu Hu, Xiangdong Sun, Yong Fang, Xiaohong Mei, Hongqing Yin, Xianjin Liu, and Baiyi Lu. 2020. "Determination of Selenium in Common and Selenium-Rich Rice from Different Areas in China and Assessment of Their Dietary Intake" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124596