Who or What Influences the Individuals’ Decision-Making Process Regarding Vaccinations?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Self-Administered Questionnaire
2.2. Setting
- “Do you consider yourself an advocate or opponent of vaccination?”
- “Have you been vaccinated within the last three years?”
- “Are you vaccinated against seasonal influenza?”
- “Please indicate one source of information about vaccinations that you find most convincing” (1)-medical sources (doctor, nurse, pharmacist) (2)-media (press, radio, television, Internet) (3)-environment (family, friends)
- “Did you obtain information on vaccination from healthcare professionals during visits to primary care physicians (PCP) or specialist outpatient clinic?”: (1)-Yes, (2)-no.
- “Using the school grade system, assess the level of vaccination information provided by health professionals” (1 worst–6 best)
- “What was the most important source of negative opinions about vaccinations?”: (1)-medical sources, (2)-media, (3)-environment
- “What opinion about vaccination was provided by health professionals?”: (1)-fully positive, (2)-questioning the validity of certain vaccinations, (3)-strongly negating the purposefulness of vaccinations
- The following questions were used to assess the level of knowledge of respondents about vaccinations:
- “Which of the infectious diseases has been completely eliminated by vaccination?” (1)-measles, (2)-rabies, (3)-smallpox, (4)-whooping cough, (5)-hepatitis C
- “The statement that “vaccines cause autism” is:” (1)-true, (2)-false
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Data
3.2. Analysis of the Answers to the Question: “Do You Consider Yourself An Advocate or Opponent of Vaccination?”
3.3. Analysis of the Answer to the Question: “Are you Vaccinated Against Seasonal Influenza?”
4. Discussion
4.1. Advocates and Potential Opponents of Vaccination in the Study Population
4.2. Influenza Vaccinations
4.3. Knowledge on Vaccines and Their Public Perception
4.4. Local Situation in Poland
4.5. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Practical Implications and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Question | Answers |
---|---|---|
B1 | Please indicate one source of information about vaccinations that you find most convincing | (1) medical sources (doctor, nurse, pharmacist) (2) media (press, radio, television, Internet) (3) environment (family, friends) |
B2 | Did you obtain information on vaccination from healthcare professionals during visits to primary care physicians (PCP) or specialist outpatient clinic? | (1) Yes, (2) No |
B3 | Using the school grade system, assess the level of vaccination information provided by health professionals | (1 worst–6 best) |
B4 | What was the most important source of negative opinions about vaccinations? | (1) medical sources, (2) media, (3) environment |
B6 | What opinion about vaccination was provided by health professionals? | (1) fully positive, (2) questioning the validity of certain vaccinations, (3) strongly negating the purposefulness of vaccinations |
B7 | Which of the infectious diseases has been completely eliminated by vaccination?” | (1) measles, (2) rabies, (3) smallpox, (4) whooping cough, (5) hepatitis C |
B8 | Do you consider yourself an advocate or opponent of vaccination? | (1) advocate, (2) opponent |
B9 | The statement that “vaccines cause autism” is:” | (1) true, (2) false |
B10 | In your opinion, should one be given mandatory, mandatory and recommended vaccines or not be given any vaccinations? | (1) mandatory, (2) mandatory and recommended vaccines, (3) no vaccinations |
B11 | Have you been vaccinated in the last three years? | (1) Yes, (2) No |
B12 | Are you vaccinated against seasonal influenza? | (1) Yes, (2) No |
B13 | What do you consider when choosing additional prophylaxis for yourself or your child? | (1) I want to immunize myself/child against all possible diseases, (2) I want to immunize myself/child against serious life-threatening diseases, (3) I want to vaccinate myself/child with advertised (“fashionable”) vaccines, (4) I would like to vaccinate myself/child with additional vaccines but this is beyond my budget, (5) I don’t think additional vaccinations are necessary, (6) I think vaccinations are harmful. |
B14 | If you consider vaccination to be harmful, which of the following diseases is in your opinion caused by vaccination: | (1) allergy, (2) neurological disorders, (3) autism, (4) diabetes, (5) immunosuppression, (6) myocarditis, (7) sudden infant death, (8) all of the above-mentioned diseases. |
Determinants | Number (n) | Percentage (%) | t-Statistics (p Value) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Respondents in general | 6432 | 100 | ||
Gender | Female | 4303 | 66.9 | 93.25 (0.000) |
Male | 2129 | 33.1 | 93.26 (0.000) | |
Age | 18–25 | 4995 | 77.68 | 32.46 (0.000) |
26–35 | 697 | 10.06 | 131.85 (0.000) | |
36–45 | 302 | 4.7 | 3.85 (0.000) | |
>45 | 488 | 7.58 | 6.326 (0.000) | |
Education | Elementary | 1031 | 16.1 | 14.07 (0.000) |
Secondary | 272 | 4.2 | 3.45 (0.000) | |
College students | 4048 | 62.9 | 82.84 (0.000) | |
Higher | 1081 | 16.8 | 14.77 (0.000) | |
Financial status | Bad | 97 | 1.5 | 1.22 (0.112) |
Medium | 3039 | 47.2 | 52.12 (0.000) | |
Good | 3296 | 51.2 | 58.81 (0.000) | |
Having children | Yes | 1038 | 16.1 | 14.11 (0.000) |
Variable | β | SE β | Wald’s χ2 | eβ OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 1.16 | 0.80 | 2.09 | NA | 0.14 |
Sex (1-female, 2-male) | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.49 | 1.09 (0.86–1.36) | 0.48 |
Age | −0.43 | 0.11 | 16.29 | 0.28 (0.53–0.80) | <0.001 |
Level of education (elementary (1)–higher education (4)) | 0.14 | 0.08 | 2.87 | 1.53 (0.98–1.36) | 0.09 |
Financial situation (bad (1)–good (3)) | −0.06 | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.90 (0.77–1.16) | 0.60 |
Children (yes (1), no (2)) | −0.09 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.92 (0.59–1.43) | 0.71 |
Fact of obtaining information on vaccinations from health care professionals [B2] (1- yes, 2- no) | 0.69 | 0.12 | 33.41 | 2.00 (1.58–2.53) | <0.001 |
Level of information on vaccination received from health professionals [B3] (worst (1)–best (6)) | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.96 (0.9–1.09) | 0.87 |
Opinion on vaccination that you obtained from health care providers [B6] (positive (1)–fully negative (3)) | 0.65 | 0.10 | 44.41 | 3.67 (1.58–2.32) | <0.001 |
“Which of the infectious diseases has been eliminated thanks to vaccinations?” [B7] wrong answer (0), correct answer (1) | −0.80 | 0.11 | 45.44 | 0.45 (0.09–0.18) | <0.001 |
“Vaccines cause autism” [B9] true (1), false (2) | −2.06 | 0.19 | 113.37 | 0.13 (0.36–0.57) | <0.001 |
For the entire model: χ2 = 344.18 p = 0.0000 |
Variable | β | SE β | Wald’s χ2 | eβ OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 0.31 | 0.59 | 0.27 | NA | 0.60 |
Sex (1-female, 2-male) | −0.12 | 0.09 | 1.69 | 0.89 (0.74–1.06) | 0.19 |
Age | −0.40 | 0.06 | 42.76 | 0.30 (0.59–0.76) | <0.001 |
Level of education (elementary (1)–higher education (4)) | 0.21 | 0.05 | 15.14 | 1.85 (1.1–1.36) | <0.001 |
Financial situation (bad (1)–good (3)) | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 0.93 |
Children (yes (1), no (2)) | 0.42 | 0.14 | 8.39 | 1.51 (1.14–2.01) | 0.004 |
Fact of obtaining information on vaccinations from health care professionals [B2] (yes (1), no (2)) | 0.44 | 0.10 | 19.91 | 1.55 (1.28–1.88) | <0.001 |
Level of information on vaccination received from health professionals [B3] (worst (1)–best (6)) | 0.07 | 0.03 | 4.59 | 1.41 (1.01–1.14) | 0.032 |
Opinion on vaccination that you obtained from health care providers [B6] (positive (1)–fully negative (3)) | 0.12 | 0.08 | 2.31 | 1.27 (0.97–1.31) | 0.13 |
“Which of the infectious diseases has been eliminated thanks to vaccinations?” [B7] wrong answer (0), correct answer (1) | −0.39 | 0.08 | 20.86 | 0.68 (0.58–0.80) | <0.001 |
“Vaccines cause autism” [B9] true (1), false (2) | −0.39 | 0.19 | 4.14 | 0.68 (0.47–0.99) | 0.04 |
For the entire model: χ2 = 270.86 p = 0.0000 |
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Czajka, H.; Czajka, S.; Biłas, P.; Pałka, P.; Jędrusik, S.; Czapkiewicz, A. Who or What Influences the Individuals’ Decision-Making Process Regarding Vaccinations? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124461
Czajka H, Czajka S, Biłas P, Pałka P, Jędrusik S, Czapkiewicz A. Who or What Influences the Individuals’ Decision-Making Process Regarding Vaccinations? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124461
Chicago/Turabian StyleCzajka, Hanna, Szymon Czajka, Paweł Biłas, Paulina Pałka, Szczepan Jędrusik, and Anna Czapkiewicz. 2020. "Who or What Influences the Individuals’ Decision-Making Process Regarding Vaccinations?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124461