Predicting Professional Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in Spanish Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design, Procedure, and Participants
2.2. Instruments
- The Short version of the Nursing Stress Scale (Short NSS). The Nursing Stress Scale (NSS) was designed to hospital nurses in 1981 [51] and was validated into Spanish in 1999 [52]. It assesses six dimensions of nurses’ occupational stress with 34 items: coping with death and dying process, conflict with physicians, lack of staff support, conflict with other nurses, workload, uncertainty concerning treatment, and work role setting. The short version uses one indicator per dimension, and respondents scores range from 0 (never) to 3 (always). In this study the research team have used a short version and the reliability of this scale in this sample was 0.701.
- The Short version of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI). The Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) was developed by Lake [53] and, ten years later, it was validated into Spanish [54]. The scale evaluates five dimensions of nursing work environment with 31 items: nurse participation in hospital affairs; nursing foundations for quality of care; nurse manager ability, leadership and support for nurses; staffing and resource adequacy; collegial nurse–physician relations. The short version uses one indicator per dimension, and respondents scores range from 1 (totally disagree) to 4 (totally agree). The internal consistency estimate of the short version used in the study was 0.740.
- The Professional Self-Care Scale (PSCS) [37]. The original Spanish version was used. It is composed by nine items and assesses three dimensions of professionals’ self-care: physical, which refers to the implication in activities that helps to maintain a healthy body; inner, which is related to activities that help to keep a healthy mind; and social, regarded to activities related to social activities that help the individual to maintain social health. Items score in a 5-point Likert-type scale, from 1 (totally disagree) to 5 (totally agree). The reliability of the scale in this sample was 0.730.
- The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) [55]. In this case, the short version validated into Spanish in 2014 [56] was used. The SCS is formed by 12 items assessing three main components of self-compassion and their opposites: self-kindness/self-judgment, common humanity/isolation, and mindfulness/over-identification. Items score in a 5-point Likert-type scale, from 1 (totally disagree) to 5 (totally agree). The Cronbach’s alpha in this sample was 0.848.
- The Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQoL) [9]. The ProQOL has been recently validated in Spanish [57]. This scale evaluates three dimensions of quality of life: compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and burnout syndrome, with ten items per factor. In current research, a short version of three items per factor was used. Items score in a 6-point Likert-type scale, from 0 (never) to 5 (always). Internal consistency estimates were 0.872, 0.812, and 0.646. It has to be borne in mind that quality of life was modeled as a latent factor and, consequently, estimated free of error for the prediction purpose.
- Satisfaction with Life Scale [47]. The Spanish version was used [58]. The scale assesses subjective well-being, specifically global satisfaction with life, with five items. Items score in a 5-point Likert-type scale, from 1 (totally disagree) to 5 (totally agree). The internal consistency in this sample was 0.911.
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | M (SD) | |
Age | 40.24 (9.78) | |
Years in nursing | 3.75 (2.05) | |
Years in current area/specialty | 2.40 (1.74) | |
Years in current job position | 1.86 (1.49) | |
Variables | Categories | N (%) |
Gender | Women | 158 (75.2) |
Men | 29 (13.8) | |
Missing data | 23 (11.0) | |
Shifts | Without shifts | 97 (46.2) |
With shifts | 88 (41.9) | |
Missing data | 25 (11.9) | |
Working day duration | 8 h | 153 (72.9) |
10 h | 5 (2.4) | |
12 h | 24 (11.4) | |
Missing data | 28 (13.3) | |
Job situation | Public worker | 119 (56.7) |
Acting official | 29 (13.8) | |
Temporary worker | 39 (18.6) | |
Missing data | 23 (11.0) |
Variable | M | SD | Min. | Max. | S | K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nursing stress (scale 0–3) | 1.34 | 0.48 | 0.33 | 2.67 | 0.39 | −0.41 |
Practice environment (scale 1–4) | 2.68 | 0.53 | 1.17 | 4.00 | −0.28 | −0.09 |
Physical self-care (scale 1–5) | 3.63 | 0.86 | 1.33 | 5.00 | −0.36 | −0.68 |
Inner self-care (scale 1–5) | 2.61 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 0.47 | −0.35 |
Social self-care (scale 1–5) | 3.93 | 0.64 | 2.00 | 5.00 | −0.74 | 0.66 |
Over-identification (scale 1–5) | 3.01 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 5.00 | −0.02 | −0.75 |
Self-kindness (scale 1–5) | 3.24 | 0.83 | 1.50 | 5.00 | −0.06 | −0.35 |
Mindfulness (scale 1–5) | 3.58 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 5.00 | −0.33 | −0.19 |
Isolation (scale 1–5) | 2.70 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 0.17 | −0.57 |
Common humanity (scale 1–5) | 3.22 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 5.00 | −0.17 | −0.18 |
Self-judgement (scale 1–5) | 2.81 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 5.00 | −0.01 | −0.60 |
Compassion satisfaction (scale 0–15) | 12.02 | 2.82 | 3.00 | 15.00 | −1.22 | 1.28 |
Compassion fatigue (scale 0–15) | 3.49 | 2.95 | 0.00 | 11.00 | 0.72 | −0.40 |
Burnout (scale 0–15) | 6.43 | 3.79 | 0.00 | 15.00 | 0.35 | −0.58 |
Life satisfaction—item 1 (scale 1–5) | 2.90 | 1.14 | 1 | 5 | 0.14 | −0.77 |
Life satisfaction—item 2 (scale 1–5) | 3.54 | 1.01 | 1 | 5 | −0.58 | −0.30 |
Life satisfaction—item 3 (scale 1–5) | 3.10 | 0.97 | 1 | 5 | −0.01 | −0.32 |
Life satisfaction—item 4 (scale 1–5) | 3.11 | 1.00 | 1 | 5 | −0.10 | −0.54 |
Life satisfaction—item 5 (scale 1–5) | 3.88 | 1.05 | 1 | 5 | −0.76 | −0.12 |
Life satisfaction (scale 1–5) | 3.30 | 0.89 | 1 | 5 | −0.17 | −0.49 |
Variable | Gender | Shifts | Working Day Duration | Job Situation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Men | Without | With | 8 h | 10 h | 12 h | Public Worker | Acting Official | Temporary Working | |
Nursing stress (scale 0–3) | 1.36(0.47) | 1.25(0.53) | 1.23(0.46) | 1.47(0.48) | 1.33(0.47) | 1.33(0.62) | 1.51(0.53) | 1.36(0.50) | 1.32(0.43) | 1.30(0.45) |
Practice environment (scale 1–4) | 2.70(0.53) | 2.59(0.55) | 2.85(0.43) | 2.50(0.59) | 2.69(0.53) | 2.71(0.82) | 2.60(0.58) | 2.68(0.56) | 2.63(0.44) | 2.74(0.55) |
Physical self-care (scale 1–5) | 3.62(0.87) | 3.70(0.84) | 3.79(0.90) | 3.47(0.78) | 3.64(0.87) | 3.92(0.83) | 3.45(0.84) | 3.68(0.87) | 3.82(0.85) | 3.35(0.82) |
Inner self-care (scale 1–5) | 2.58(0.90) | 2.76(1.09) | 2.69(0.93) | 2.55(0.92) | 2.64(0.90) | 3.13(1.17) | 2.52(1.11) | 2.64(0.96) | 2.50(0.77) | 2.64(0.99) |
Social self-care (scale 1–5) | 3.98(0.64) | 3.71(0.66) | 4.03(0.53) | 3.84(0.75) | 3.92(0.65) | 4.00(0.86) | 3.93(0.68) | 3.93(0.67) | 3.87(0.71) | 4.02(0.54) |
Over-identification (scale 1–5) | 3.08(0.97) | 2.67(3.19) | 2.92(0.95) | 3.11(1.09) | 3.01(1.00) | 3.13(1.49) | 2.96(1.11) | 3.01(1.01) | 2.98(1.07) | 3.06(1.03) |
Self-kindness (scale 1–5) | 3.25(0.82) | 3.19(0.94) | 3.34(0.89) | 3.16(0.75) | 3.23(0.83) | 3.13(0.85) | 3.37(0.98) | 3.28(0.84) | 3.37(0.86) | 3.06(0.82) |
Mindfulness (scale 1–5) | 3.53(0.86) | 3.84(0.78) | 3.66(0.86) | 3.51(0.84) | 3.57(0.84) | 3.50(0.71) | 3.74(0.98) | 3.58(0.88) | 3.85(0.72) | 3.40(9.82) |
Isolation (scale 1–5) | 2.77(1.00) | 2.36(1.04) | 2.56(0.92) | 3.88(1.11) | 2.74(1.02) | 3.13(1.31) | 2.30(1.00) | 2.73(1.06) | 2.69(1.05) | 2.64(0.88) |
Common humanity (scale 1–5) | 3.22(0.85) | 3.23(0.79) | 3.31(0.91) | 3.14(0.76) | 3.20(0.85) | 3.25(0.87) | 3.35(0.90) | 3.29(0.78) | 3.20(1.09) | 3.04(0.82) |
Self-judgement (scale 1–5) | 2.88(0.95) | 2.51(1.23) | 2.69(1.00) | 3.97(1.01) | 2.80(0.99) | 2.13(1.31) | 2.87(1.04) | 2.85(1.04) | 2.52(0.89) | 2.94(0.97) |
Compassion satisfaction (scale 0–15) | 12.09(2.78) | 11.68(3.04) | 12.38(2.33) | 11.66(3.28) | 11.92(2.80) | 13.00(2.71) | 12.09(3.12) | 11.94(2.86) | 12.79(2.32) | 11.69(3.04) |
Compassion fatigue (scale 0–15) | 3.55(2.94) | 3.21(3.06) | 3.15(2.68) | 3.89(3.24) | 3.66(2.91) | 3.00(3.56) | 2.96(3.21) | 3.59(3.07) | 3.32(2.60) | 3.31(2.91) |
Burnout (scale 0–15) | 6.61(3.70) | 5.56(4.21) | 5.90(3.46) | 7.03(4.12) | 6.62(3.69) | 5.25(4.57) | 5.70(4.15) | 6.85(3.79) | 4.75(3.00) | 6.51(4.10) |
Life satisfaction—item 1 (scale 1–5) | 2.87(1.12) | 3.04(1.23) | 3.13(1.13) | 2.67(1.10) | 2.89(1.19) | 2.75(0.96) | 3.04(0.98) | 2.92(1.19) | 3.21(1.03) | 2.60(1.04) |
Life satisfaction—item 2 (scale 1–5) | 3.54(0.99) | 3.54(1.11) | 3.69(0.92) | 3.38(1.10) | 3.53(1.03) | 3.25(0.50) | 3.57(1.04) | 3.54(1.02) | 3.68(1.02) | 3.43(1.01) |
Life satisfaction—item 3 (scale 1–5) | 3.10(0.93) | 3.11(1.23) | 3.29(0.86) | 2.89(1.06) | 3.07(0.99) | 3.00(0.82) | 3.30(1.02) | 3.14(0.96) | 3.14(1.08) | 2.94(0.95) |
Life satisfaction—item 4 (scale 1–5) | 3.06(0.97) | 3.32(1.16) | 3.27(0.98) | 2.94(0.99) | 3.09(1.02) | 2.50(0.58) | 3.30(0.97) | 3.16(1.01) | 3.21(1.10) | 2.86(0.91) |
Life satisfaction—item 5 (scale 1–5) | 3.90(1.03) | 3.82(1.19) | 4.03(0.99) | 3.72(1.12) | 3.82(1.10) | 3.50(0.58) | 4.17(0.83) | 3.94(1.03) | 3.96(1.14) | 3.63(1.06) |
Life satisfaction (scale 1–5) | 3.29(0.87) | 3.36(1.04) | 3.48(0.85) | 3.12(0.91) | 3.29(0.93) | 3.00(0.37) | 3.48(0.80) | 3.34(0.90) | 3.44(0.92) | 3.08(0.84) |
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Sansó, N.; Galiana, L.; Oliver, A.; Tomás-Salvá, M.; Vidal-Blanco, G. Predicting Professional Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in Spanish Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124366
Sansó N, Galiana L, Oliver A, Tomás-Salvá M, Vidal-Blanco G. Predicting Professional Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in Spanish Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124366
Chicago/Turabian StyleSansó, Noemí, Laura Galiana, Amparo Oliver, Macià Tomás-Salvá, and Gabriel Vidal-Blanco. 2020. "Predicting Professional Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in Spanish Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124366
APA StyleSansó, N., Galiana, L., Oliver, A., Tomás-Salvá, M., & Vidal-Blanco, G. (2020). Predicting Professional Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in Spanish Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124366