Clinical Factors, Preventive Behaviours and Temporal Outcomes Associated with COVID-19 Infection in Health Professionals at a Spanish Hospital
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Analysis
2.2. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Symptoms
4.2. Preventive Behaviours before the Pandemic
4.3. Main Concerns
4.4. Follow-up Strategy: Median Times to Negative PCR Results
4.5. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total | Males | Females | <55 Years | ≥55 Years | Hospitalized |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) 1 | |
Total | 76 (100) | 23 (30.3) | 53 (69.7) | 53 (69.7) | 23 (30.3) | 11 (14.5) |
Professional group | ||||||
Medical | 24 (31.6) | 13 (56.5) | 11 (20.7) | 20 (37.7) | 4 (17.4) | 5 (20.8) |
Nursing | 39 (51.3) | 6 (26.1) | 33 (62.3) | 25 (47.2) | 14 (60.9) | 4 (10.3) |
Others | 13 (17.1) | 4 (17.4) | 9 (17.0) | 8 (15.1) | 5 (21.7) | 2 (50.0) |
Professional category | ||||||
Physicians | 15 (19.7) | 7 (30.4) | 8 (15.1) | 11 (20.8) | 4 (17.4) | 4 (26.7) |
Doctors in training | 8 (10.5) | 5 (21.7) | 3 (5.7) | 8 (15.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (12.5) |
Nurses | 25 (32.9) | 6 (26.1) | 19 (35.9) | 17 (32.1) | 8 (34.8) | 2 (8.0) |
Nursing assistants | 15 (19.7) | 1 (4.4) | 14 (26.4) | 9 (16.9) | 6 (26.1) | 2 (13.3) |
Others | 13 (17.1) | 4 (17.4) | 9 (17.0) | 8 (15.1) | 5 (21.7) | 2 (15.4) |
Hospital service | ||||||
Clinical specialties | 16 (21.1) | 3 (13.0) | 13 (24.5) | 7 (13.2) | 9 (39.1) | 2 (12.5) |
Surgical specialties | 23 (30.3) | 10 (43.5) | 13 (24.5) | 19 (35.9) | 4 (17.4) | 3 (13.0) |
Intensive care units | 8 (10.5) | 3 (13.0) | 5 (9.4) | 5 (9.4) | 3 (13.0) | 2 (25.0) |
Emergencies | 7 (9.2) | 1 (4.4) | 6 (11.3) | 5 (9.4) | 2 (8.7) | 1 (14.3) |
COVID hospitalization wards | 9 (11.8) | 1 (4.4) | 8 (15.1) | 7 (13.2) | 2 (8.7) | 1 (11.1) |
Other services | 13 (17.1) | 5 (21.7) | 8 (15.1) | 10 (18.9) | 3 (13.0) | 2 (15.4) |
Perceived risk contact before infection | ||||||
Professional/Colleague at the hospital | 32 (42.1) | 10 (43.5) | 22 (41.5) | 25 (47.2) | 7 (30.4) | 4 (12.5) |
Patients | 20 (26.3) | 7 (30.4) | 13 (24.5) | 13 (24.5) | 7 (30.4) | 4 (20.0) |
Community contact | 12 (15.8) | 5 (21.7) | 7 (13.2) | 6 (11.3) | 6 (26.1) | 4 (33.3) |
Risk contact after infection | ||||||
Reported cases in their setting after infection | 39 (51.3) | 10 (43.5) | 29 (54.7) | 25 (47.2) | 14 (60.9) | 8 (20.5) |
Reported cohabiting cases in their setting after infection | 29 (38.2) | 8 (34.8) | 21 (39.6) | 19 (35.9) | 10 (43.5) | 8 (27.6) |
Previous diseases | ||||||
Diabetes mellitus | 5 (6.6) | 1 (4.4) | 4 (7.8) | 1 (1.9) | 4 (17.4) * | 1 (20.0) |
Hypertension | 8 (10.5) | 2 (8.7) | 6 (11.3) | 3 (5.7) | 5 (21.7) * | 2 (25.0) |
Chronic lung disease | 5 (6.6) | 1 (4.4) | 4 (7.6) | 3 (5.7) | 2 (8.7) | 1 (20.0) |
Allergic asthma | 8 (10.5) | 3 (13.0) | 5 (9.4) | 6 (11.3) | 2 (8.7) | 1 (12.5) |
None | 63 (82.9) | 21 (91.3) | 42 (79.2) | 47 (88.7) | 16 (69.6) | 7 (11.1) |
Symptoms | ||||||
Fever < 38 °C | 59 (77.6) | 21 (91.3) | 38 (71.7) | 41 (77.4) | 18 (78.3) | 9 (15.3) |
Fever > 38 °C | 34 (44.7) | 10 (43.5) | 24 (45.3) | 24 (45.3) | 10 (43.5) | 8 (23.5) |
Upper respiratory tract symptoms | 67 (88.2) | 20 (87.0) | 47 (88.7) | 47 (88.7) | 20 (87.0) | 10 (14.9) |
Cough | 47 (61.8) | 11 (47.8) | 36 (67.9) | 30 (56.6) | 17 (73.9) | 7 (14.9) |
Throat pain | 24 (31.6) | 4 (17.4) | 20 (37.7) | 17 (32.1) | 7 (30.4) | 1 (4.2) |
Sore throat | 34 (44.7) | 9 (39.1) | 25 (47.2) | 27 (50.9) | 7 (30.4) | 3 (8.8) |
Choking | 15 (19.7) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (28.3) * | 11 (20.8) | 4 (17.4) | 2 (13.3) |
Mucosal dryness | 43 (56.6) | 11 (47.8) | 32 (60.4) | 27 (50.9) | 16 (69.6) | 8 (18.6) |
Rhinorrhoea | 36 (47.4) | 8 (34.8) | 28 (52.8) | 25 (47.2) | 11 (47.8) | 5 (13.9) |
Otalgia | 3 (4.0) | 1 (4.4) | 2 (3.8) | 3 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Headache | 48 (63.2) | 11 (47.8) | 37 (69.8) | 33 (62.3) | 15 (65.2) | 8 (16.7) |
Periocular pain | 25 (32.9) | 6 (26.1) | 19 (35.9) | 16 (30.2) | 9 (39.1) | 4 (16.0) |
Ageusia | 51 (67.1) | 16 (69.6) | 35 (66.0) | 34 (64.2) | 17 (73.9) | 7 (13.7) |
Anosmia | 55 (72.4) | 17 (73.9) | 38 (71.7) | 38 (71.7) | 17 (73.9) | 8 (14.5) |
Gastrointestinal symptoms | 45 (59.2) | 9 (39.1) * | 36 (67.9) * | 27 (50.9) | 18 (78.3) * | 9 (20.0) |
Nausea | 17 (22.4) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (32.1) * | 10 (18.9) | 7 (30.4) | 4 (23.5) |
Vomiting | 7 (9.2) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (13.2) | 4 (7.6) | 3 (13.0) | 2 (28.6) |
Diarrhoea | 31 (40.8) | 5 (21.7) | 26 (49.1) * | 21 (39.6) | 10 (43.5) | 6 (19.4) |
Abdominal pain | 21 (27.6) | 5 (21.7) | 16 (30.2) | 11 (20.8) | 10 (43.5) * | 3 (14.3) |
Loss of appetite | 12 (15.8) | 2 (8.7) | 10 (18.8) | 6 (11.3) | 6 (26.1) | 2 (16.6) |
Fatigue | 64 (84.2) | 21 (91.3) | 43 (81.1) | 43 (81.1) | 21 (91.3) | 10 (15.6) |
Arthromyalgia | 56 (73.7) | 17 (73.9) | 39 (73.6) | 39 (73.6) | 17 (73.9) | 8 (14.3) |
Generalized AM | 14 (18.4) | 7 (30.4) | 7 (13.2) | 10 (18.9) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (7.1) |
Upper limb myalgia | 11 (14.5) | 3 (13.0) | 8 (15.1) | 7 (13.2) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (9.1) |
Lower limb myalgia | 17 (22.4) | 2 (8.7) | 15 (28.3) | 12 (22.6) | 5 (21.7) | 2 (11.8) |
Back myalgia | 21 (27.6) | 7 (30.4) | 14 (26.4) | 17 (32.1) | 4 (17.4) | 4 (19.0) |
Dyspnoea | 30 (39.5) | 9 (39.1) | 21 (39.6) | 21 (39.6) | 9 (39.1) | 8 (26.7) |
Rib pain | 24 (31.6) | 4 (17.4) | 20 (37.7) | 13 (24.5) | 11 (47.9) * | 5 (20.8) |
Dermatological symptoms | 11 (14.5) | 4 (17.4) | 7 (13.2) | 7 (13.2) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (9.1) |
Variable | Total | Males | Females | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Previous preventive behaviours | ||||
Adequate hand hygiene (yes/no) (n, %) | 63 (82.9) | 18 (81.8) | 45 (84.9) | 0.740 |
Hand hygiene (self-score 1–10) (mean, sd) | 7.4 (2.3) | 7.0 (0.5) | 7.6 (0.3) | 0.354 |
Self-use of masks (n, %) | 16 (21.1) | 1 (4.55) | 15 (28.3) | 0.022 |
Use of masks for patients (n, %) | 12 (15.8) | 3 (14.3) | 9 (17.0) | 0.777 |
Main concerns | ||||
Spreading the disease in the environment (n, %) | 34 (44.7) | 11 (47.8) | 23 (43.4) | 0.721 |
Clinical deterioration or sequelae (n, %) | 27 (35.5) | 9 (39.1) | 18 (34.0) | 0.665 |
Psychological effects and loneliness of confinement (n, %) | 6 (7.9) | 1 (4.4) | 5 (9.4) | 0.450 |
Concerns about returning to work (n, %) | 3 (4.0) | 1 (4.4) | 2 (3.8) | 0.906 |
Time-to-Outcome Intervals | Total Sample | Stratified for Sex | Stratified for Age | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | Age <55 Years | Age ≥55 Years | |||||||
n at Day 0 | Outcomes | Censored | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | p-Value 1 | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | p-Value 1 | |
Date of perceived risk contact to Start of symptoms 2 | 39 | 39 | 0 | 4 (3, 7) | 5 (3, 7) | 4 (2, 7) | 0.387 | 5 (3, 7) | 4 (2, 5) | 0.125 |
Start of symptoms to End of symptoms | 76 | 55 | 21 | 14 (10, -) | 13 (8, 17) | 17 (11, -) | 0.024 | 14 (10, 22) | 19 (11, -) | 0.129 |
Start of symptoms to First positive PCR 3 | 76 | 76 | 0 | 2 (1, 5) | 2 (1, 4) | 3 (1, 5) | 0.081 | 2 (1, 4) | 3 (1, 6) | 0.784 |
Start of symptoms to Negative PCR | 76 | 44 | 32 | 31 (21, -) | 21 (18, -) | 33 (25, -) | 0.025 | 28 (10, 39) | 33 (25, -) | 0.207 |
First positive PCR to Negative PCR | 76 | 44 | 32 | 25 (18, 37) | 19 (16, -) | 30 (22, 37) | 0.076 | 22 (17, 37) | 31 (23, -) | 0.119 |
End of symptoms to Negative PCR 4 | 53 | 33 | 20 | 15 (9, 25) | 10 (8, 16) | 17 (12, 24) | 0.322 | 13 (8, 24) | 18 (14, 26) | 0.522 |
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Rivera-Izquierdo, M.; Valero-Ubierna, M.d.C.; Martínez-Diz, S.; Fernández-García, M.Á.; Martín-Romero, D.T.; Maldonado-Rodríguez, F.; Sánchez-Pérez, M.R.; Martín-delosReyes, L.M.; Martínez-Ruiz, V.; Lardelli-Claret, P.; et al. Clinical Factors, Preventive Behaviours and Temporal Outcomes Associated with COVID-19 Infection in Health Professionals at a Spanish Hospital. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124305
Rivera-Izquierdo M, Valero-Ubierna MdC, Martínez-Diz S, Fernández-García MÁ, Martín-Romero DT, Maldonado-Rodríguez F, Sánchez-Pérez MR, Martín-delosReyes LM, Martínez-Ruiz V, Lardelli-Claret P, et al. Clinical Factors, Preventive Behaviours and Temporal Outcomes Associated with COVID-19 Infection in Health Professionals at a Spanish Hospital. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124305
Chicago/Turabian StyleRivera-Izquierdo, Mario, María del Carmen Valero-Ubierna, Silvia Martínez-Diz, Miguel Ángel Fernández-García, Divina Tatiana Martín-Romero, Francisco Maldonado-Rodríguez, María Rosa Sánchez-Pérez, Luis Miguel Martín-delosReyes, Virginia Martínez-Ruiz, Pablo Lardelli-Claret, and et al. 2020. "Clinical Factors, Preventive Behaviours and Temporal Outcomes Associated with COVID-19 Infection in Health Professionals at a Spanish Hospital" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124305
APA StyleRivera-Izquierdo, M., Valero-Ubierna, M. d. C., Martínez-Diz, S., Fernández-García, M. Á., Martín-Romero, D. T., Maldonado-Rodríguez, F., Sánchez-Pérez, M. R., Martín-delosReyes, L. M., Martínez-Ruiz, V., Lardelli-Claret, P., & Jiménez-Mejías, E. (2020). Clinical Factors, Preventive Behaviours and Temporal Outcomes Associated with COVID-19 Infection in Health Professionals at a Spanish Hospital. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124305