Sprint Interval Running and Continuous Running Produce Training Specific Adaptations, Despite a Similar Improvement of Aerobic Endurance Capacity—A Randomized Trial of Healthy Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Training Protocol
2.3. Measures
2.4. Procedures
2.5. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Laursen, P.B.; Jenkins, D.G. The scientific basis for high-intensity interval training: Optimising training programmes and maximising performance in highly trained endurance athletes. Sports Med. 2002, 32, 53–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seiler, S.; Tønnessen, E. Intervals, Thresholds, and Long Slow Distance: The Role of Intensity and Duration in Endurance Training. Sport Sci. 2009, 13, 32–53. [Google Scholar]
- Gibala, M.J.; Little, J.P.; Van Essen, M.; Wilkin, G.P.; Burgomaster, K.A.; Safdar, A.; Raha, S.; Tarnopolsky, M.A. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: Similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J. Physiol. 2006, 575 Pt 3, 901–911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burgomaster, K.A.; Howarth, K.R.; Phillips, S.M.; Rakobowchuk, M.; MacDonald, M.J.; McGee, S.L.; Gibala, M.J. Similar metabolic adaptations during exercise after low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance training in humans. J. Physiol. 2008, 586, 151–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Burgomaster, K.A.; Hughes, S.C.; Heigenhauser, G.J.; Bradwell, S.N.; Gibala, M.J. Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 2005, 98, 1985–1990. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MacDougall, J.D.; Hicks, A.L.; MacDonald, J.R.; McKelvie, R.S.; Green, H.J.; Smith, K.M. Muscle performance and enzymatic adaptations to sprint interval training. J. Appl. Physiol. 1998, 84, 2138–2142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burgomaster, K.A.; Heigenhauser, G.J.; Gibala, M.J. Effect of short-term sprint interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise and time-trial performance. J. Appl. Physiol. 2006, 100, 2041–2047. [Google Scholar]
- Harmer, A.R.; McKenna, M.J.; Sutton, J.R.; Snow, R.J.; Ruell, P.A.; Booth, J.; Thompson, M.W.; Mackay, N.A.; Stathis, C.G.; Crameri, R.M.; et al. Skeletal muscle metabolic and ionic adaptations during intense exercise following sprint training in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 2000, 89, 1793–1803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hazell, T.J.; MacPherson, R.E.; Gravelle, B.M.; Lemon, P.W. 10 or 30-s sprint interval training bouts enhance both aerobic and anaerobic performance. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2010, 110, 153–160. [Google Scholar]
- Macpherson, T.W.; Weston, M. The effect of low-volume sprint interval training on the development and subsequent maintenance of aerobic fitness in soccer players. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2015, 10, 332–338. [Google Scholar]
- Naves, J.P.A.; Viana, R.B.; Rebelo, A.C.S.; de Lira, C.A.B.; Pimentel, G.D.; Lobo, P.C.B.; de Oliveira, J.C.; Ramirez-Campillo, R.; Gentil, P. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. Sprint Interval Training on Anthropometric Measures and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Healthy Young Women. Front. Physiol. 2018, 9, 1738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yamagishi, T.; Babraj, J. Effects of reduced-volume of sprint interval training and the time course of physiological and performance adaptations. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2017, 27, 1662–1672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Vollaard, N.B.J.; Metcalfe, R.S. Research into the Health Benefits of Sprint Interval Training Should Focus on Protocols with Fewer and Shorter Sprints. Sports Med. 2017, 47, 2443–2451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sloth, M.; Sloth, D.; Overgaard, K.; Dalgas, U. Effects of sprint interval training on VO2max and aerobic exercise performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2013, 23, e341–e352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ratel, S.; Williams, C.A.; Oliver, J.; Armstrong, N. Effects of age and mode of exercise on power output profiles during repeated sprints. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004, 92, 204–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Achten, J.; Venables, M.C.; Jeukendrup, A.E. Fat oxidation rates are higher during running compared with cycling over a wide range of intensities. Metabolism 2003, 52, 747–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Millet, G.P.; Vleck, V.E.; Bentley, D.J. Physiological differences between cycling and running: Lessons from triathletes. Sports Med. 2009, 39, 179–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kavaliauskas, M.; Jakeman, J.; Babraj, J. Early Adaptations to a Two-Week Uphill Run Sprint Interval Training and Cycle Sprint Interval Training. Sports 2018, 6, 72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bangsbo, J.; Gunnarsson, T.P.; Wendell, J.; Nybo, L.; Thomassen, M. Reduced volume and increased training intensity elevate muscle Na+-K+ pump alpha2-subunit expression as well as short- and long-term work capacity in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 2009, 107, 1771–1780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iaia, F.M.; Hellsten, Y.; Nielsen, J.J.; Fernström, M.; Sahlin, K.; Bangsbo, J. Four weeks of speed endurance training reduces energy expenditure during exercise and maintains muscle oxidative capacity despite a reduction in training volume. J. Appl. Physiol. 2009, 106, 73–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Iaia, F.M.; Thomassen, M.; Kolding, H.; Gunnarsson, T.; Wendell, J.; Rostgaard, T.; Nordsborg, N.; Krustrup, P.; Nybo, L.; Hellsten, Y.; et al. Reduced volume but increased training intensity elevates muscle Na+-K+ pump alpha1-subunit and NHE1 expression as well as short-term work capacity in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2008, 294, R966–R974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Macpherson, R.E.; Hazell, T.J.; Olver, T.D.; Paterson, D.H.; Lemon, P.W. Run sprint interval training improves aerobic performance but not maximal cardiac output. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011, 43, 115–122. [Google Scholar]
- Midgley, A.W.; Bentley, D.J.; Luttikholt, H.; McNaughton, L.R.; Millet, G.P. Challenging a dogma of exercise physiology: Does an incremental exercise test for valid VO 2 max determination really need to last between 8 and 12 minutes? Sports Med. 2008, 38, 441–447. [Google Scholar]
- Grendstad, H.; Nilsen, A.K.; Rygh, C.B.; Hafstad, A.; Kristoffersen, M.; Iversen, V.V.; Nybakken, T.; Vestbøstad, M.; Algrøy, E.A.; Sandbakk, Ø.; et al. Physical capacity, not skeletal maturity, distinguishes competitive levels in male Norwegian U14 soccer players. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2020, 30, 254–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Edgett, B.A.; Bonafiglia, J.T.; Raleigh, J.P.; Rotundo, M.P.; Giles, M.D.; Whittall, J.P.; Gurd, B.J. Reproducibility of peak oxygen consumption and the impact of test variability on classification of individual training responses in young recreationally active adults. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging 2018, 38, 630–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Girard, O.L.; Mendez-Villanueva, A.; Bishop, D. Repeated-sprint ability—Part I: Factors contributing to fatigue. Sports Med. 2011, 41, 673–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, N.Y.; Plowman, S.A.; Looney, M.A. The reliability and validity of the 20-meter shuttle test in American students 12 to 15 years old. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 1992, 63, 360–365. [Google Scholar]
- Sandvei, M.; Jeppesen, P.B.; Stoen, L.; Litleskare, S.; Johansen, E.; Stensrud, T.; Enoksen, E.; Hautala, A.; Martinmäki, K.; Kinnunen, H.; et al. Sprint interval running increases insulin sensitivity in young healthy subjects. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 2012, 118, 139–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bouchard, C.; Rankinen, T. Individual differences in response to regular physical activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2001, 33 (Suppl. 6), S446–S451, discussion S452–S453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hautala, A.J.; Kiviniemi, A.M.; Mäkikallio, T.H.; Kinnunen, H.; Nissilä, S.; Huikuri, H.V.; Tulppo, M.P. Individual differences in the responses to endurance and resistance training. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2006, 96, 535–542. [Google Scholar]
- Bouchard, C.; Sarzynski, M.A.; Rice, T.K.; Kraus, W.E.; Church, T.S.; Sung, Y.J.; Rao, D.C.; Rankinen, T. Genomic predictors of the maximal O2 uptake response to standardized exercise training programs. J. Appl. Physiol. 2011, 110, 1160–1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jones, A.M.; Carter, H. The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness. Sports Med. 2000, 29, 373–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seo, D.Y.; Kwak, H.B.; Kim, A.H.; Park, S.H.; Heo, J.W.; Kim, H.K.; Ko, J.R.; Lee, S.J.; Bang, H.S.; Sim, J.W.; et al. Cardiac adaptation to exercise training in health and disease. Pflug. Arch. 2020, 472, 155–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Edge, J.; Bishop, D.; Goodman, C.; Dawson, B. Effects of high- and moderate-intensity training on metabolism and repeated sprints. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2005, 37, 1975–1982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Glaister, M.; Stone, M.H.; Stewart, A.M.; Hughes, M.G.; Moir, G.L. The influence of endurance training on multiple sprint cycling performance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2007, 21, 606–612. [Google Scholar]
- Saunders, P.U.; Pyne, D.B.; Telford, R.D.; Hawley, J.A. Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners. Sports Med. 2004, 34, 465–485. [Google Scholar]
- Iaia, F.M.; Bangsbo, J. Speed endurance training is a powerful stimulus for physiological adaptations and performance improvements of athletes. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2010, 20 (Suppl. 2), 11–23. [Google Scholar]
- Rynecki, N.D.; Siracuse, B.L.; Ippolito, J.A.; Beebe, K.S. Injuries sustained during high intensity interval training: Are modern fitness trends contributing to increased injury rates? J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2019, 59, 1206–1212. [Google Scholar]
CT | SIT | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
VO2max (mL·kg−1·min−1) | 47.9 ± 1.5 | 49.7 ± 1.5 * | 50.5 ± 1.6 | 53.3 ± 1.5 * |
Maximal O2 pulse | 17.4 ± 1.0 | 18.1 ± 1.0 * | 18.0 ± 1.0 | 19.2 ± 1.0 * |
Laps | 71.5 ± 6.1 | 79.4 ± 5.2 * | 69.5 ± 3.8 | 81.7 ± 4.0 * |
CT | SIT | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |||||
Time (s) | %dec. | Time (s) | %dec | Time (s) | %dec | Time (s) | %dec | |
1. 60 m | 9.92 ± 0.25 | 9.69 ± 0.26 * | 9.64 ± 0.26 | 9.20 ± 0.21 * | ||||
2. 60 m | 10.44 ± 0.33 | 5.2 | 10.06 ± 0.27 * | 3.8 | 9.98 ± 0.23 | 3.5 | 9.48 ± 0.18 * | 3.0 |
3. 60 m | 10.76 ± 0.29 | 8.5 | 10.31 ± 0.23 * | 6.4 | 10.27 ± 0.22 | 6.5 | 9.89 ± 0.20 * | 7.5 |
4. 60 m | 10.87 ± 0.30 | 9.6 | 10.54 ± 0.23 * | 8.8 | 10.37 ± 0.25 | 7.6 | 9.91 ± 0.19 *,† | 7.7 |
5. 60 m | 10.93 ± 0.21 | 10.2 | 10.70 ± 0.22 * | 10.4 | 10.53 ± 0.25 | 9.2 | 9.96 ± 0.20 *,† | 8.3 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||
CT | VO2 (mL·min−1) | 1553 ± 139 | 1381 ± 159 *,# | 2307 ± 177 | 1876 ± 157 * | 2414 ± 175 | 2275 ± 174 * | 2754 ± 186 | 2620 ± 172 * |
% VO2max | 45.1 ± 3.4 | 37.8 ± 2.1 * | 58.4 ± 3.1 | 52.4 ± 2.8 * | 71.1 ± 2.3 | 64.6 ± 2.4 * | 79.4 ± 2.0 | 73.3 ± 1.8 * | |
RE (mL·kg−1·km−1) | 213 ± 16 | 186 ± 10 *,# | 229 ± 12 | 213 ± 10 * | 238 ± 8 | 224 ± 8 * | 232 ± 6 | 223 ± 6 * | |
% HRpeak | 66.9 ± 2.1 | 59.6 ± 2.3 * | 76.8 ± 2.2 | 70.8 ± 2.5 * | 85.3 ± 1.5 | 80.2 ± 2.1 * | 90.0 ± 1.0 | 86.3 ± 1.4 * | |
O2pulse (mL·beat−1) | 11.5 ± 0.7 | 11.5 ± 1.0 | 13.1 ± 0.8 | 13.3 ± 0.9 | 14.2 ± 0.8 | 14.1 ± 0.9 | 15.3 ± 0.9 | 15.2 ± 0.9 | |
RER (VCO2·VO2−1) | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 0.84 ± 0.01 * | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 0.88 ± 0.01 * | 0.94 ± 0.01 | 0.90 ± 0.01 * | 0.97 ± 0.01 | 0.93 ± 0.01 * | |
Lactate (mmol·l−1) | 1.22 ± 0.13 | 0.77 ± 0.06 * | 1.76 ± 0.26 | 1.16 ± 0.13 * | 2.39 ± 0.25 | 1.75 ± 0.17 * | 3.84 ± 0.30 | 2.66 ± 0.24 * | |
SIT | VO2 (mL·min−1) | 1544 ± 152 | 1523 ± 150 | 2221 ± 168 | 2076 ± 158 | 2574 ± 181 | 2500 ± 165 | 2909 ± 204 | 2832 ± 196 *,# |
% VO2max | 42.6 ± 2.2 | 40.1 ± 2.5 * | 61.9 ± 1.6 | 55.3 ± 2.0 * | 71.8 ± 1.2 | 66.5 ± 1.5 * | 81.2 ± 0.9 | 75.2 ± 1.2 * | |
RE (mL·kg−1·km−1) | 201 ± 10 | 199 ± 10 | 243 ± 8 | 228 ± 8 * | 240 ± 5 | 234 ± 4 | 237 ± 4 | 231 ± 4 * | |
% HRpeak | 61.6 ± 2.4 | 61.6 ± 2.5 | 75.0 ± 1.6 | 72.0 ± 2.0 | 82.6 ± 1.2 | 81.1 ± 1.5 | 88.6 ± 0.9 | 87.2 ± 1.2 | |
O2pulse (mL·beat−1) | 12.8 ± 1.0 | 12.6 ± 1.0 | 14.9 ± 1.0 | 14.5 ± 1.1 | 15.8 ± 1.0 | 15.6 ± 0.9 | 16.6 ± 1.0 | 16.4 ± 1.0 | |
RER (VCO2·VO2−1) | 0.86 ± 0.02 | 0.83 ± 0.02 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 0.87 ± 0.02 *,# | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.01 * | 0.96 ± 0.01 | 0.92 ± 0.01 * | |
Lactate (mmol·l−1) | 1.12 ± 0.08 | 0.89 ± 0.06 * | 1.79 ± 0.15 | 1.20 ± 0.07 *,# | 2.38 ± 0.17 | 1.68 ± 0.12 * | 3.45 ± 0.24 | 2.66 ± 0.19 *,# |
CT | SIT | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
Velocity (km·h−1) | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 9.7 ± 0.3 * | 8.8 ± 0.4 | 9.6 ± 0.3 * |
% VO2max | 70.5 ± 0.9 | 71.4 ± 0.7 | 70.3 ± 0.7 | 70.2 ± 0.6 |
% HRpeak | 84.3 ± 1.0 | 85.1 ± 0.9 | 81.9 ± 1.6 | 84.9 ± 1.4 * |
O2 pulse (mL·beat−1) | 14.5 ± 0.9 | 15.1 ± 0.9 * | 15.7 ± 1.0 | 16.0 ± 0.9 |
RER (VCO2·VO2−1) | 0.94 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.01 * | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.01 |
Lactate (mmol·l−1) | 2.62 ± 0.16 | 2.18 ± 0.19 *,# | 2.33 ± 0.12 | 2.03 ± 0.15 *,# |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Litleskare, S.; Enoksen, E.; Sandvei, M.; Støen, L.; Stensrud, T.; Johansen, E.; Jensen, J. Sprint Interval Running and Continuous Running Produce Training Specific Adaptations, Despite a Similar Improvement of Aerobic Endurance Capacity—A Randomized Trial of Healthy Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113865
Litleskare S, Enoksen E, Sandvei M, Støen L, Stensrud T, Johansen E, Jensen J. Sprint Interval Running and Continuous Running Produce Training Specific Adaptations, Despite a Similar Improvement of Aerobic Endurance Capacity—A Randomized Trial of Healthy Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113865
Chicago/Turabian StyleLitleskare, Sigbjørn, Eystein Enoksen, Marit Sandvei, Line Støen, Trine Stensrud, Egil Johansen, and Jørgen Jensen. 2020. "Sprint Interval Running and Continuous Running Produce Training Specific Adaptations, Despite a Similar Improvement of Aerobic Endurance Capacity—A Randomized Trial of Healthy Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113865