Effect of Siblings and Type of Delivery on the Development of Motor Skills in the First 48 Months of Life
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
- Children who had been diagnosed with learning disabilities and/or developmental disabilities.
- Children with some type of diagnosed disability.
- Children aged under 12 months and over 48 months.
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Standard Scores | Classification/Description |
---|---|
17–20 | Very Superior |
15–16 | Superior |
13–14 | Above Average |
8–12 | Average |
6–7 | Below Average |
4–5 | Poor |
1–3 | Very Poor |
PDMS-2 | 12–23 Months (N = 107) | 24–35 Months(N = 153) | 36–48 Months(N = 145) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | M ± SD | Min | Max | M ± SD | Min | Max | M ± SD | |
PS | 8 | 14 | 10.99 ± 1.39 | 8 | 16 | 11.75 ± 1.57 | 8 | 17 | 12.53 ± 2.14 |
LS | 6 | 12 | 7.61 ± 1.25 | 5 | 12 | 8.69 ± 1.69 | 7 | 12 | 9.14 ± 1.10 |
OMS | 5 | 16 | 10.21 ± 2.48 | 5 | 12 | 8.90 ± 1.87 | 7 | 12 | 8.93 ± 1.57 |
FMS | 4 | 14 | 9.48 ± 2.11 | 7 | 14 | 10.14 ± 7.70 | 7 | 16 | 12.28 ± 2.53 |
VMIS | 5 | 15 | 9.50 ± 1.95 | 5 | 13 | 9.37 ± 2.14 | 8 | 16 | 11.17 ± 2.16 |
GM | 85 | 124 | 97.12 ± 8.14 | 62 | 115 | 98.01 ± 11.02 | 85 | 119 | 101.81 ± 7.98 |
FM | 66 | 118 | 95.88 ± 8.81 | 82 | 118 | 98.33 ± 8.70 | 88 | 133 | 110.39 ± 11.71 |
Age Range | PDMS-2 | Presence of Siblings | N | M ± SD | p | η2 | Effect Size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12–23 months | Postural skills | Yes | 46 | 10.61 ± 1.47 | 0.114 | 0.022 | 0.299 |
No | 61 | 11.28 ± 1.27 | |||||
Locomotion skills | Yes | 46 | 7.74 ± 0.93 | 0.180 | 0.016 | 0.253 | |
No | 61 | 7.51 ± 1.45 | |||||
Object manipulation skills | Yes | 46 | 9.96 ± 2.04 | 0.291 | 0.010 | 0.203 | |
No | 61 | 10.39 ± 2.76 | |||||
Fine manipulation skills | Yes | 46 | 9.54 ± 1.72 | 0.744 | 0.001 | 0.062 | |
No | 61 | 9.43 ± 2.37 | |||||
Visuo-motor integration skills | Yes | 46 | 9.96 ± 1.75 | 0.181 | 0.016 | 0.255 | |
No | 61 | 9.16 ± 2.04 | |||||
Global motricity | Yes | 46 | 96.11 ± 7.02 | 0.277 | 0.011 | 0.209 | |
No | 61 | 97.89 ± 8.87 | |||||
Fine motricity | Yes | 46 | 98.50 ± 7.77 | 0.005 * | 0.070 | 0.549 | |
No | 61 | 93.90 ± 9.09 | |||||
24–35 months | Postural skills | Yes | 74 | 12.11 ± 1.83 | 0.001 * | 0.070 | 0.548 |
No | 79 | 11.42 ± 1.19 | |||||
Locomotion skills | Yes | 74 | 9.11 ± 1.52 | 0.001 * | 0.066 | 0.532 | |
No | 79 | 8.29 ± 1.74 | |||||
Object manipulation skills | Yes | 74 | 9.22 ± 1.60 | 0.039 * | 0.027 | 0.332 | |
No | 79 | 8.61 ± 2.06 | |||||
Fine manipulation skills | Yes | 74 | 9.91 ± 1.66 | 0.101 | 0.017 | 0.266 | |
No | 79 | 10.37 ± 1.73 | |||||
Visuo-motor integration skills | Yes | 74 | 10.28 ± 1.98 | <0.001 * | 0.186 | 0.957 | |
No | 79 | 8.51 ± 1.91 | |||||
Global motricity | Yes | 74 | 101.74 ± 8.21 | <0.001 * | 0.088 | 0.621 | |
No | 79 | 94.62 ± 12.19 | |||||
Fine motricity | Yes | 74 | 100.57 ± 8.71 | 0.001 * | 0.073 | 0.560 | |
No | 79 | 96.24 ± 8.21 | |||||
36–48 months | Postural skills | Yes | 79 | 12.70 ± 1.91 | 0.423 | 0.004 | 0.130 |
No | 66 | 12.33 ± 2.38 | |||||
Locomotion skills | Yes | 79 | 9.39 ± 1.08 | 0.014 * | 0.038 | 0.400 | |
No | 66 | 8.83 ± 1.06 | |||||
Object manipulation skills | Yes | 79 | 9.44 ± 1.62 | <0.001* | 0.113 | 0.713 | |
No | 66 | 8.32 ± 1.27 | |||||
Fine manipulation skills | Yes | 79 | 12.46 ± 1.92 | 0.816 | 0.000 | 0.038 | |
No | 66 | 12.08 ± 3.10 | |||||
Visuo-motorintegration skills | Yes | 79 | 11.54 ± 2.31 | 0.033 * | 0.033 | 0.354 | |
No | 66 | 10.71 ± 1.89 | |||||
Global motricity | Yes | 79 | 103.41 ± 7.66 | 0.023* | 0.035 | 0.381 | |
No | 66 | 99.89 ± 7.98 | |||||
Fine motricity | Yes | 79 | 112.00 ± 9.80 | 0.155 | 0.014 | 0.237 | |
No | 66 | 108.45 ± 13.39 |
Age Range | PDMS-2 | Type of Delivery | N | M ± SD | p | η2 | d Cohen |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12–23 months | Postural skills | Eutocic | 48 | 11.10 ± 1.29 | 0.412 | 0.006 | 0.154 |
Dystocic | 59 | 10.90 ± 1.47 | |||||
Locomotion skills | Eutocic | 48 | 7.73 ± 1.09 | 0.162 | 0.017 | 0.264 | |
Dystocic | 59 | 7.51 ± 1.37 | |||||
Object manipulation skills | Eutocic | 48 | 10.38 ± 1.94 | 0.286 | 0.010 | 0.205 | |
Dystocic | 59 | 10.07 ± 2.85 | |||||
Fine manipulation skills | Eutocic | 48 | 9.73 ± 2.01 | 0.261 | 0.011 | 0.223 | |
Dystocic | 59 | 9.27 ± 2.18 | |||||
Visuo-motor integration skills | Eutocic | 48 | 9.71 ± 1.74 | 0.287 | 0.010 | 0.202 | |
Dystocic | 59 | 9.34 ± 2.11 | |||||
Global motricity | Eutocic | 48 | 98.08 ± 5.75 | 0.412 | 0.006 | 0.158 | |
Dystocic | 59 | 96.34 ± 9.63 | |||||
Fine motricity | Eutocic | 48 | 96.65 ± 9.47 | 0.141 | 0.020 | 0.284 | |
Dystocic | 59 | 95.25 ± 8.27 | |||||
24–35 months | Postural skills | Eutocic | 76 | 11.86 ± 1.63 | 0.049 * | 0.024 | 0.312 |
Dystocic | 77 | 11.65 ± 1.51 | |||||
Locomotion skills | Eutocic | 76 | 8.97 ± 1.65 | 0.045 * | 0.025 | 0.318 | |
Dystocic | 77 | 8.40 ± 1.69 | |||||
Object manipulation skills | Eutocic | 76 | 9.18 ± 1.94 | 0.056 | 0.023 | 0.308 | |
Dystocic | 77 | 8.62 ± 1.77 | |||||
Fine manipulation skills | Eutocic | 76 | 9.96 ± 1.83 | 0.117 | 0.015 | 0.249 | |
Dystocic | 77 | 10.32 ± 1.56 | |||||
Visuo-motor integration skills | Eutocic | 76 | 9.43 ± 2.16 | 0.673 | 0.001 | 0.068 | |
Dystocic | 77 | 9.30 ± 2.19 | |||||
Global motricity | Eutocic | 76 | 100.21 ± 10.39 | 0.005 * | 0.051 | 0.465 | |
Dystocic | 77 | 95.95 ± 11.27 | |||||
Fine motricity | Eutocic | 76 | 98.12 ± 9.29 | 0.927 | 0.000 | 0.015 | |
Dystocic | 77 | 98.55 ± 8.13 | |||||
36–48 months | Postural skills | Eutocic | 84 | 12.80 ± 1.02 | 0.059 | 0.024 | 0.310 |
Dystocic | 61 | 12.16 ± 2.52 | |||||
Locomotion skills | Eutocic | 84 | 9.30 ± 1.59 | 0.109 | 0.016 | 0.259 | |
Dystocic | 61 | 8.92 ± 0.99 | |||||
Object manipulation skills | Eutocic | 84 | 9.21 ± 1.67 | 0.027 * | 0.032 | 0.363 | |
Dystocic | 61 | 8.54 ± 1.34 | |||||
Fine manipulation skills | Eutocic | 84 | 12.69 ± 2.34 | 0.024 * | 0.034 | 0.376 | |
Dystocic | 61 | 11.72 ± 2.68 | |||||
Visuo-motorintegration skills | Eutocic | 84 | 11.56 ± 2.21 | 0.009 * | 0.045 | 0.435 | |
Dystocic | 61 | 10.62 ± 1.99 | |||||
Global motricity | Eutocic | 84 | 103.24 ± 7.90 | 0.013 * | 0.042 | 0.417 | |
Dystocic | 61 | 99.84 ± 7.71 | |||||
Fine motricity | Eutocic | 84 | 112.79 ± 10.76 | 0.004 * | 0.043 | 0.425 | |
Dystocic | 61 | 107.08 ± 12.22 |
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Rebelo, M.; Serrano, J.; Duarte-Mendes, P.; Paulo, R.; Marinho, D.A. Effect of Siblings and Type of Delivery on the Development of Motor Skills in the First 48 Months of Life. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113864
Rebelo M, Serrano J, Duarte-Mendes P, Paulo R, Marinho DA. Effect of Siblings and Type of Delivery on the Development of Motor Skills in the First 48 Months of Life. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113864
Chicago/Turabian StyleRebelo, Miguel, João Serrano, Pedro Duarte-Mendes, Rui Paulo, and Daniel A. Marinho. 2020. "Effect of Siblings and Type of Delivery on the Development of Motor Skills in the First 48 Months of Life" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113864