Internet Gaming Disorder: Exploring Its Impact on Satisfaction in Life in PELLEAS Adolescent Sample
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Context and Problem
1.1.1. Context
1.1.2. Problem
1.2. Literature Review
1.3. Contribution
1.4. Aim of the Study
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Life Satisfaction Scale
2.3.2. Gaming Use
2.3.3. Adolescent Depression Rating Scale
2.3.4. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
2.3.5. Age and Gender
2.4. Analyses
3. Results
Associations between IGD and Quality of Life
4. Discussion
4.1. Contributions
4.2. Principal Results
4.3. Limitations
4.4. Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | IGD− | IGD+ | Patients |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 14.83 (0.05) | 14.86 (0.09) | 15.74 (0.38) |
BMI | 20.07 (0.11) | 20.48 (0.38) | 21.09 (0.84) |
-18 | 126 (15%) | 34 (16%) | 4 (10%) |
18–25 | 658 (76%) | 157 (72%) | 29 (73%) |
25–30 | 73 (8%) | 20 (9%) | 5 (13%) |
+30 | 9 (1%) | 6 (3%) | 2 (5.00%) |
Body image | |||
-Far too skinny | 11 (1%) | 5 (2%) | 6 (15%) |
-Too skinny | 159 (18%) | 52 (23%) | 4 (10%) |
-Appropriate weight | 563 (62%) | 122 (54%) | 21 (51%) |
-Too fat | 155 (17%) | 39 (17%) | 8 (20%) |
-Far too fat | 15 (2%) | 9 (4%) | 2 (5%) |
Binge drinking last month | |||
-Never | 646 (73%) | 163 (77%) | 28 (68%) |
-Once or twice | 147 (17%) | 25 (12%) | 8 (20%) |
-3 to 5 times | 57 (6%) | 13 (6%) | 3 (7%) |
-More than 6 times | 38 (4%) | 13 (6%) | 2 (5%) |
Smoking weekly | 146 (17%) | 34 (15%) | 11 (28%) |
Drugs intake at least once | |||
-Cannabis | 264 (29%) | 63 (28%) | 18 (42%) |
-Others | 48 (5%) | 12 (6%) | 4 (10%) |
Time gone to bed during week | |||
-Before 10.30 p.m. | 328 (36%) | 71 (32%) | 12 (31%) |
-10.30 p.m. to midnight | 444 (49%) | 93 (42%) | 15 (38%) |
-After midnight | 130 (14%) | 56 (25%) | 12 (31%) |
Time gone to bed during week-ends | |||
-Before 10.30 p.m. | 75 (8%) | 10 (5%) | 3 (7%) |
-10.30 p.m. to midnight | 338 (38%) | 56 (26%) | 12 (29%) |
-After midnight | 488 (54%) | 153 (70%) | 26 (63%) |
Severe depression | 83 (9%) | 40 (18%) | 12 (28%) |
Social phobia | 163 (18%) | 52 (23%) | 4 (9%) |
Quality of life | |||
-5/10 | 91 (11%) | 39 (19%) | 20 (53%) |
6–8/10 | 536 (63%) | 134 (65%) | 16 (42%) |
+8/10 | 219 (26%) | 32 (16%) | 2 (5%) |
Observations | 915 | 228 | 43 |
Variables | IGD− | IGD+ |
---|---|---|
Age | 14.79 (0.04) | 14.78 (0.14) |
BMI | 19.68 (0.09) | 20.25 (0.38) |
-18 | 161 (15%) | 10 (14%) |
18–25 | 807 (77%) | 56 (78%) |
25–30 | 73 (7%) | 4 (6%) |
+30 | 5 (0%) | 2 (3%) |
Body image | ||
-Far too skinny | 15 (1%) | 0 (0%) |
-Too skinny | 83 (8%) | 6 (8%) |
-Appropriate weight | 520 (48%) | 41 (56%) |
-Too fat | 379 (35%) | 17 (23%) |
-Far too fat | 90 (8%) | 9 (12%) |
Binge drinking last month | ||
-Never | 862 (80%) | 57 (80%) |
-Once or twice | 136 (13%) | 8 (11%) |
-3 to 5 times | 62 (6%) | 4 (6%) |
-More than 6 times | 18 (2%) | 2 (3%) |
Smoking weekly | 188 (17%) | 14 (18%) |
Drugs intake at least once | ||
-Cannabis | 266 (24%) | 20 (26%) |
-Others | 39 (4%) | 7 (10%) |
Time gone to bed during week | ||
-Before 10.30 p.m. | 437 (40%) | 34 (44%) |
-10.30 p.m. to midnight | 507 (47%) | 29 (38%) |
-After midnight | 144 (13%) | 14 (18%) |
Time gone to bed during week-ends | ||
-Before 10.30 p.m. | 103 (10%) | 8 (11%) |
-10.30 p.m. to midnight | 428 (39%) | 23 (30%) |
-After midnight | 553 (51%) | 45 (59%) |
Severe depression | 163 (15%) | 29 (36 %) |
Social phobia | 150 (14%) | 24 (30%) |
Quality of life | ||
-5/10 | 169 (17%) | 21 (32%) |
6–8/10 | 621 (61%) | 35 (53%) |
+8/10 | 231 (23%) | 10 (15%) |
Observation | 1101 | 80 |
Variables | IGD− | IGD+ | Patients |
---|---|---|---|
Lives with mother | 846 (92%) | 207 (91%) | 31 (72%) |
Lives with father | 674 (74%) | 159 (70%) | 22 (51%) |
Lives with mother and father | 639 (70%) | 151 (66%) | 17 (40%) |
Lives with sibling(s) | 685 (75%) | 176 (77%) | 19 (44%) |
Lives with gdmother(s)/gdfather(s) | 52 (6%) | 14 (6%) | 4 (9%) |
Lives with m. and f. and sibling(s) | 532 (58%) | 131 (57%) | 11 (26%) |
Father situation | |||
-At work | 748 (82%) | 186 (82%) | 27 (63%) |
-Unemployed, looking for a job | 31 (3%) | 12 (5%) | 2 (5%) |
-Other | 125 (14%) | 33 (14%) | 13 (30%) |
Mother situation | |||
-At work | 721 (79%) | 176 (77%) | 35 (81%) |
-Unemployed, looking for a job | 47 (5%) | 15 (7%) | 2 (5%) |
-Other | 133 (15%) | 44 (19%) | 7 (16%) |
Dinner alone | 87 (10%) | 21 (9%) | 11 (26%) |
Dinner with siblings | 77 (9%) | 28 (13%) | 1 (2%) |
Dinner with family | 681 (77%) | 161 (73%) | 26 (62%) |
Dinner at friends | 11 (1%) | 6 (3%) | 2 (5%) |
No dinner | 8 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 0 |
Dinner with screen (TV/computer) | 163 (19%) | 64 (29%) | 12 (32%) |
Dinner at fixed time | 542 (61%) | 112 (51%) | 23 (55%) |
Time mother returns home | |||
Before 6 p.m. | 376 (45%) | 88 (42%) | 10 (27%) |
Between 6 p.m. and 8 p.m. | 403 (48%) | 105 (50%) | 25 (68%) |
After 8 p.m. | 59 (7%) | 15 (7%) | 2 (5%) |
Time father returns home | |||
Before 6 p.m. | 233 (31%) | 52 (27%) | 7 (25.00%) |
Between 6 p.m. and 8 p.m. | 407 (53%) | 102 (53%) | 19 (68%) |
After 8 p.m. | 122 (16%) | 37 (19%) | 2 (7%) |
Family economic conditions | |||
-Average/worse than other families | 340 (37%) | 96 (42%) | 23 (53%) |
-Better than other families | 575 (63%) | 132 (58%) | 20 (47%) |
Pocket money monthly/weekly | 546 (62%) | 129 (60%) | 23 (53%) |
Holiday departures +5/yr | 285 (32%) | 65 (30%) | 11 (26%) |
1.Very often clear rules | 209 (24%) | 45 (21%) | 6 (15%) |
2.Very often parents know where I am the evening | 452 (52%) | 93 (43%) | 15 (39%) |
3.Very often parents know with whom I am | 514 (58%) | 100 (50%) | 19 (49%) |
4.Very often moral support from parents | 471 (53%) | 92 (44%) | 11 (26%) |
5.Very often easy to speak with parents | 459 (52%) | 93 (44%) | 15 (36%) |
Parental support score (sum 1–5.) | |||
16/20 and more | 494 (54%) | 105 (46%) | 15 (35%) |
very often moral support from friends | 444 (50%) | 104 (49%) | 20 (48%) |
Observations | 915 | 228 | 43 |
Variables | IGD− | IGD+ |
---|---|---|
Lives with mother | 1031 (94%) | 69 (86%) |
Lives with father | 744 (68%) | 44 (55%) |
Lives with mother and father | 709 (64%) | 42 (53%) |
Lives with sibling(s) | 844 (77%) | 57 (71%) |
Lives with gdmother(s)/gdfather(s) | 51 (5%) | 5 (6%) |
Lives with m. and f. and sibling(s) | 596 (54%) | 36 (45%) |
Father situation | ||
-At work | 871 (79%) | 58 (73%) |
-Unemployed, looking for a job | 47 (4%) | 2 (3%) |
-Other | 156 (14%) | 20 (25%) |
Mother situation | ||
-At work | 872 (79%) | 56 (70%) |
-Unemployed, looking for a job | 77 (7%) | 5 (6%) |
-Other | 160 (15%) | 16 (25%) |
Dinner alone | 96 (9%) | 7 (10%) |
Dinner with siblings | 103 (10%) | 8 (11%) |
Dinner with family | 828 (77%) | 51 (72%) |
Dinner at friends | 8 (1%) | 1 (1%) |
No dinner | 22 (2%) | 0 |
Dinner with screen (TV/computer) | 241 (22%) | 25 (34%) |
Dinner at fixed time | 617 (57%) | 40 (52%) |
Time mother returns home | ||
Before 6 p.m. | 408 (39%) | 35 (49%) |
Between 6 p.m. and 8p.m. | 549 (53%) | 27 (38%) |
After 8 p.m. | 82 (8%) | 9 (13%) |
Time father returns home | ||
Before 6 p.m. | 225 (26%) | 15 (26%) |
Between 6 p.m. and 8 p.m. | 479 (54%) | 30 (53%) |
After 8 p.m. | 175 (20%) | 12 (21%) |
Family economic conditions | ||
-Average/worse than other families | 404 (37%) | 42 (53%) |
-Better than other families | 697 (63%) | 38 (48%) |
Pocket money monthly/weekly | 660 (61%) | 39 (52%) |
Holiday departures +5/yr | 388 (36%) | 17 (22%) |
1.Very often clear rules | 282 (26%) | 22 (31%) |
2.Very often parents know where I am the evening | 719 (67%) | 35 (49%) |
3.Very often parents know with whom I am | 777 (73%) | 38 (54%) |
4.Very often moral support from parents | 456 (42%) | 14 (20%) |
5.Very often easy to speak with parents | 546 (51%) | 21 (30%) |
Parental support score (sum 1–5.) | ||
16/20 and more | 645 (59%) | 38 (48%) |
Very often moral support from friends | 757 (70%) | 40 (57%) |
Observations | 1101 | 80 |
Variables | IGD− | IGD+ | Patients |
---|---|---|---|
General average mark | |||
above 15/20 | 79 (9%) | 16 (7%) | 2 (5%) |
from 10 to 15/20 | 707 (80%) | 162 (75%) | 20 (54%) |
Average mark in maths | |||
above 15/20 | 164 (18%) | 40 (18%) | 4 (11%) |
from 10 to 15/20 | 478 (53%) | 120 (54%) | 18 (50%) |
Average mark in french | |||
above 15/20 | 67 (7%) | 7(3%) | 3 (9%) |
from 10 to 15/20 | 598 (67%) | 146 (66%) | 14 (41%) |
Average mark in history | |||
above 15/20 | 102 (11%) | 22 (10%) | 2 (6%) |
from 10 to 15/20 | 659 (74%) | 149 (68%) | 23 (64%) |
Feeling not at all stressed at school | 311 (34%) | 66 (29 %) | 15 (36%) |
Feeling very stressed at school | 112 (12%) | 43 (19%) | 12 (29%) |
Desire to pursue studies after high school | 662 (75%) | 143 (66%) | 19 (46%) |
Has repeated a year | 155 (17%) | 48 (22%) | 15 (38%) |
Number of books at home | |||
From 0 to 10 | 103 (12%) | 33 (15%) | 3 (7%) |
From 10 to 50 | 166 (19%) | 43 (20%) | 8 (19%) |
From 50 to 100 | 161 (18%) | 49 (22%) | 8 (19%) |
More than 100 | 462 (52%) | 93 (43%) | 23 (55%) |
3+ real friends in real life | 577 (64%) | 124 (56%) | 19 (46%) |
3+ real friends in virtual life | 190 (21%) | 77 (35%) | 9(23%) |
Observations | 915 | 228 | 43 |
Variables | IGD− | IGD+ |
---|---|---|
General average mark | ||
above 15/20 | 132 (12%) | 6 (8%) |
from 10 to 15/20 | 834 (78%) | 55 (77%) |
Average mark in maths | ||
above 15/20 | 177 (17%) | 10 (13%) |
from 10 to 15/20 | 609 (57%) | 34 (45%) |
Average mark in french | ||
above 15/20 | 128 (12%) | 8 (11%) |
from 10 to 15/20 | 763 (72%) | 50 (67%) |
Average mark in history | ||
above 15/20 | 149 (14%) | 9 (12%) |
from 10 to 15/20 | 749 (70%) | 43 (58%) |
Feeling not at all stressed at school | 209 (19%) | 23 (29%) |
Feeling very stressed at school | 304 (28%) | 20 (26%) |
Desire to pursue studies after high school | 883 (82%) | 47 (59%) |
Has repeated a year | 150 (14%) | 19 (25%) |
Number of books at home | ||
From 0 to 10 | 85 (8%) | 9 (12%) |
From 10 to 50 | 228 (21%) | 25 (33%) |
From 50 to 100 | 221 (20%) | 15 (20%) |
More than 100 | 555 (51%) | 26 (35%) |
3+ real friends in real life | 636 (58%) | 42 (54%) |
3+ real friends in virtual life | 130 (12%) | 22 (29%) |
Observations | 1101 | 80 |
Variables | IGD− | IGD+ | Patients |
---|---|---|---|
Very often late connecting | 144 (16%) | 66 (29%) | 23 (55%) |
Often/very often fell asleep in front of computer/mobile device | 53 (6%) | 42 (19%) | 6 (14%) |
Often/very often skips a meal to stay connected | 50 (6%) | 55 (24%) | 15 (37%) |
Often/v.often refuses to go out/activity to stay online | 27 (3%) | 47 (21%) | 11 (26%) |
Often/v.often forbidden access to screen | 75 (8%) | 46 (20%) | 12 (28%) |
Often/v.often got my phone confiscated in class | 30 (3%) | 16 (7%) | 3 (7%) |
In front of TV +2 h/day | 317 (35%) | 123 (54%) | 9 (21%) |
On the internet +2 h/day | 649 (71%) | 194 (85%) | 38 (88%) |
Types of video game played weekly | |||
-First person shooter and action | 596 (68%) | 169 (80%) | 29 (69%) |
-Role playing game | 302 (35%) | 103 (47%) | 25 (61%) |
-Adventure | 375 (43%) | 114 (54%) | 16 (39%) |
-Real time strategy | 261 (30%) | 105 (51%) | 27 (68%) |
-Simulation (football/cars/sports) | 546 (62%) | 150 (71%) | 16 (40%) |
-Managing (Sims...) | 126 (15%) | 47 (23%) | 7 (18%) |
-Applications (CandyCrush, AngryBirds...) | 606 (70%) | 165 (78%) | 23 (58%) |
Very often playing alone | 169 (19%) | 78 (36%) | 18 (44%) |
Very often playing online | 228 (25%) | 120 (56%) | 32 (76%) |
Often/very often playing with others in the same room | 312 (35%) | 73 (34%) | 1 (2%) |
Observations | 915 | 228 | 43 |
Variables | IGD− | IGD+ |
---|---|---|
Very often late connecting | 170 (15%) | 31(41%) |
Often/very often fell asleep in front of computer/mobile device | 125 (11%) | 17 (23%) |
Often/very often skips a meal to stay connected | 54 (5%) | 21 (18%) |
Often/very often refuses to go out/activity to stay online | 21 (2%) | 10 (13%) |
Often/very often forbidden access to screen | 52 (5%) | 14 (18%) |
Often/very often got my phone confiscated in class | 21 (2%) | 6 (8%) |
In front of TV +2 h/day | 382 (35%) | 50 (63%) |
On the internet +2 h/day | 763 (69%) | 75 (94%) |
Types of VG played weekly | ||
-First person shooter and action | 250 (25%) | 42 (63%) |
-Role-playing game | 92 (9%) | 20 (30%) |
-Adventure | 154 (15%) | 32 (49%) |
-Real time strategy | 78 (8%) | 21 (33%) |
-Simulation (football/cars/sports) | 203 (20%) | 29 (44%) |
-Managing (Sims...) | 306 (30%) | 37 (56%) |
-Applications (CandyCrush, AngryBirds...) | 741 (71%) | 56 (81%) |
Very often playing alone | 121 (11%) | 23 (33%) |
Very often playing online | 6 (1%) | 7 (10%) |
Often/very often playing with others in the same room | 167 (15%) | 33(48%) |
Observations | 1101 | 80 |
Males under 15 | Males Aged 15+ | Females under 15 | Females aged 15+ | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
IGD | −0.323 * | −0.405 ** | −0.390 | 0.017 |
[−0.661, 0.015] | [−0.735, −0.074] | [−0.973, 0.193] | [−0.504, 0.539] | |
depression | −1.859 *** | −0.577 ** | −1.359 *** | −1.290 *** |
[−2.367, −1.351] | [−1.034, −0.120] | [−1.764, −0.955] | [−1.632, −0.949] | |
economic | 0.805 *** | 0.533 *** | 1.007 *** | 0.784 *** |
[0.513, 1.098] | [0.271, 0.795] | [0.701, 1.313] | [0.534, 1.035] | |
parental support score | 0.639 *** | 0.610 *** | 0.798 *** | 0.983 *** |
[0.356, 0.922] | [0.356, 0.864] | [0.509, 1.087] | [0.735, 1.230] | |
Constant | 6.862 *** | 6.889 *** | 6.430 *** | 6.242 *** |
[6.567, 7.158] | [6.634, 7.145] | [6.107, 6.753] | [5.998, 6.486] | |
Observations | 428 | 623 | 455 | 632 |
Males under 15 | Males Aged 15+ | Females under 15 | Females Aged 15+ | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
IGD | −0.261 | −0.398 *** | −0.375 | 0.077 |
[−0.580, 0.058] | [−0.695, −0.101] | [−0.938, 0.188] | [−0.361, 0.514] | |
depression | −1.474 *** | −0.432 ** | −1.261 *** | −1.058 *** |
[−1.914, −1.034] | [−0.803, −0.060] | [−1.648, −0.873] | [−1.359, −0.758] | |
economic | 0.751 *** | 0.471 *** | 0.934 *** | 0.671 *** |
[0.474, 1.027] | [0.233, 0.709] | [0.644, 1.225] | [0.443, 0.900] | |
parental support score | 0.680 *** | 0.570 *** | 0.775 *** | 0.966 *** |
[0.413, 0.948] | [0.339, 0.801] | [0.498, 1.052] | [0.741, 1.192] | |
Constant | 6.853 *** | 6.948 *** | 6.483 *** | 6.329 *** |
[6.573, 7.134] | [6.718, 7.178] | [6.175, 6.792] | [6.104, 6.553] | |
Observations | 456 | 687 | 480 | 701 |
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Phan, O.; Prieur, C.; Bonnaire, C.; Obradovic, I. Internet Gaming Disorder: Exploring Its Impact on Satisfaction in Life in PELLEAS Adolescent Sample. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010003
Phan O, Prieur C, Bonnaire C, Obradovic I. Internet Gaming Disorder: Exploring Its Impact on Satisfaction in Life in PELLEAS Adolescent Sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010003
Chicago/Turabian StylePhan, Olivier, Constance Prieur, Céline Bonnaire, and Ivana Obradovic. 2020. "Internet Gaming Disorder: Exploring Its Impact on Satisfaction in Life in PELLEAS Adolescent Sample" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1: 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010003