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IJERPH
Volume 16
Issue 9
10.3390/ijerph16091525
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Article

The Health Risks of Electronic Cigarette Use to Bystanders

by
Wouter F. Visser
,
Walther N. Klerx
,
Hans W. J. M. Cremers
,
Ramon Ramlal
,
Paul L. Schwillens
and
Reinskje Talhout
*
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Anthonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(9), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091525
Received: 15 March 2019 / Revised: 15 April 2019 / Accepted: 19 April 2019 / Published: 30 April 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Cigarettes: Good and Bad Impacts)
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Abstract

This works aimed to assess the health risks of e-cigarette use to bystanders. The exhaled breath of 17 volunteers was collected while they were vaping, and the levels of nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), and heavy metals were analyzed. Increased levels of nicotine, propylene glycol, TSNAs and copper were found in the exhaled breath of the volunteers. From these measurements, bystander exposure was estimated for two different scenarios: (1) A non-ventilated car with two e-cigarette users and (2) a ventilated office with one e-cigarette user. Our results show that bystanders may experience irritation of the respiratory tract as a result of exposure to propylene glycol and glycerol. Systemic effects of nicotine should also be expected if nicotine-containing e-liquid is used, including palpitations, and an increase of the systolic blood pressure. Furthermore, due to the presence of TSNAs in some e-liquids, an increased risk of tumors could not be excluded for the ‘car’ scenario. While e-cigarette use can clearly have effects on the health of bystanders, the risks depend on the rate of ventilation, dimensions of the room, and vaping behavior of the e-cigarette user. The presence of TSNAs in e-liquids can be avoided, which will prevent the most serious effect identified (increased risk of tumors). View Full-Text
Keywords: electronic cigarettes; bystanders; health risks; second hand vaping electronic cigarettes; bystanders; health risks; second hand vaping
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MDPI and ACS Style

Visser, W.F.; Klerx, W.N.; Cremers, H.W.J.M.; Ramlal, R.; Schwillens, P.L.; Talhout, R. The Health Risks of Electronic Cigarette Use to Bystanders. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091525

AMA Style

Visser WF, Klerx WN, Cremers HWJM, Ramlal R, Schwillens PL, Talhout R. The Health Risks of Electronic Cigarette Use to Bystanders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(9):1525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091525

Chicago/Turabian Style

Visser, Wouter F., Walther N. Klerx, Hans W. J. M. Cremers, Ramon Ramlal, Paul L. Schwillens, and Reinskje Talhout. 2019. "The Health Risks of Electronic Cigarette Use to Bystanders" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9: 1525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091525

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