Psychological Distress, Family Support and Employment Status in First-Year University Students in Spain
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design, Participants and Procedure
2.2. Study Variables
2.2.1. Psychological Distress
2.2.2. Family Support and Student Employment Status
2.2.3. Oher Socio-Demographic Factors and Self-Perceived Health
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1025) | (n = 2692) | ||||
n | % | n | % | p-Value | |
Family support | 0.123 | ||||
Normal | 732 | 71.41 | 1993 | 74.03 | |
Slightly dysfunctional | 222 | 21.66 | 503 | 18.68 | |
Severely dysfunctional | 71 | 6.93 | 196 | 7.28 | |
Employment status | 0.090 | ||||
Only studying | 739 | 72.10 | 1935 | 71.88 | |
Studying and looking for work | 211 | 20.59 | 606 | 22.51 | |
Studying and currently working | 75 | 7.32 | 151 | 5.61 | |
University | 0.370 | ||||
University of Alicante | 46 | 4.49 | 136 | 5.05 | |
University of Cantabria | 23 | 2.24 | 54 | 2.01 | |
University of Granada | 365 | 35.61 | 958 | 35.59 | |
University of Huelva | 41 | 4.00 | 141 | 5.24 | |
University of Jaén | 53 | 5.17 | 161 | 5.98 | |
University of León | 120 | 11.71 | 355 | 13.19 | |
University of Salamanca | 179 | 17.46 | 406 | 15.08 | |
University of Valladolid | 47 | 4.59 | 117 | 4.35 | |
University of Vigo | 151 | 14.73 | 364 | 13.52 | |
First choice when selecting a degree | 0.113 | ||||
Yes | 816 | 79.61 | 2078 | 77.19 | |
No | 209 | 20.39 | 614 | 22.81 | |
Sexual orientation | <0.001 | ||||
Heterosexual | 891 | 86.93 | 2491 | 92.53 | |
Homosexual | 85 | 8.29 | 65 | 2.41 | |
Bisexual | 49 | 4.78 | 136 | 5.05 | |
Place of residence | <0.001 | ||||
Same town | 314 | 30.63 | 688 | 25.56 | |
Same province | 309 | 30.15 | 926 | 34.40 | |
Same autonomous community (CA) | 261 | 25.46 | 604 | 22.44 | |
Other CA or country | 141 | 13.76 | 474 | 17.61 | |
Residence | 0.211 | ||||
Family household | 496 | 48.39 | 1216 | 45.17 | |
Student residence hall | 118 | 11.51 | 333 | 12.37 | |
Rented apartment | 411 | 40.10 | 1143 | 42.46 | |
People the student lives with | 0.014 | ||||
Parents | 494 | 48.20 | 1225 | 45.51 | |
Roommates | 417 | 40.68 | 1209 | 44.91 | |
Significant other | 21 | 2.05 | 74 | 2.75 | |
Alone | 93 | 9.07 | 184 | 6.84 | |
Self-perceived health status | <0.001 | ||||
Good | 872 | 85.07 | 2084 | 77.41 | |
Poor | 153 | 14.93 | 608 | 22.59 | |
Mean age (SD) | 19 (2) | 19 (2) | 0.072 |
Men | Women | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1025) | (n = 2692) | |||||||
n | % | OR (95% CI) | p | n | % | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Total | 481 | 46.93 | 1460 | 54.23 | ||||
Family support | ||||||||
Normal | 287 | 39.21 | 1.00 | 979 | 49.12 | 1.00 | ||
Slightly dysfunctional | 144 | 64.86 | 2.86 (2.09–3.91) | <0.001 | 327 | 65.01 | 1.92 (1.57–2.36) | <0.001 |
Severely dysfunctional | 50 | 70.42 | 3.69 (2.17–6.28) | <0.001 | 154 | 78.57 | 3.80 (2.67–5.40) | <0.001 |
Working status | ||||||||
Only studying | 335 | 45.33 | 1.00 | 998 | 51.58 | 1.00 | ||
Studying and looking for work | 111 | 52.61 | 1.34 (0.99–1.82) | 0.062 | 377 | 62.21 | 1.54 (1.28–1.86) | <0.001 |
Studying and currently working | 35 | 46.67 | 1.05 (0.66–1.70) | 0.825 | 85 | 56.29 | 1.21 (0.87–1.69) | 0.265 |
University | ||||||||
Alicante | 184 | 50.41 | 1.00 | 517 | 53.97 | 1.00 | ||
Cantabria | 19 | 41.30 | 0.69 (0.37–1.29) | 0.246 | 66 | 48.53 | 0.80 (0.56–1.15) | 0.235 |
Granada | 8 | 34.78 | 0.52 (0.22–1.27) | 0.152 | 26 | 48.15 | 0.79 (0.46–1.37) | 0.405 |
Huelva | 21 | 51.22 | 1.03 (0.54–1.97) | 0.922 | 82 | 58.16 | 1.19 (0.83–1.70) | 0.351 |
Jaén | 24 | 45.28 | 0.81 (0.46–1.45) | 0.486 | 91 | 56.52 | 1.11 (0.79–1.55) | 0.547 |
León | 49 | 40.83 | 0.68 (0.45–1.03) | 0.069 | 197 | 55.49 | 1.06 (0.83–1.36) | 0.622 |
Salamanca | 77 | 43.02 | 0.74 (0.52–1.06) | 0.105 | 222 | 54.68 | 1.02 (0.82–1.30) | 0.809 |
Valladolid | 20 | 42.55 | 0.72 (0.39–1.35) | 0.312 | 58 | 49.57 | 0.84 (0.57–1.23) | 0.369 |
Vigo | 79 | 52.32 | 1.08 (0.74–1.58) | 0.693 | 201 | 55.22 | 1.05 (0.83–1.34) | 0.683 |
First option in the moment of select degree | ||||||||
Yes | 374 | 45.83 | 1.00 | 1101 | 52.98 | 1.00 | ||
No | 107 | 51.20 | 1.24 (0.91–1.68) | 0.166 | 359 | 58.47 | 1.25 (1.04–1.50) | 0.017 |
Sexual orientation | ||||||||
Heterosexual | 408 | 45.79 | 1.00 | 1333 | 53.51 | 1.00 | ||
Homosexual | 45 | 52.94 | 1.33 (0.85–2.08) | 0.208 | 40 | 61.54 | 1.39 (0.84–2.31) | 0.202 |
Bisexual | 28 | 57.14 | 1.58 (0.88–2.82) | 0.124 | 87 | 63.97 | 1.54 (1.08–2.21) | 0.018 |
Place of residence | ||||||||
Same town | 142 | 45.22 | 1.00 | 372 | 54.07 | 1.00 | ||
Same province | 142 | 45.95 | 1.02 (0.75–1.41) | 0.855 | 507 | 54.75 | 1.03 (0.84–1.25) | 0.786 |
Same autonomous community (CA) | 123 | 47.13 | 1.08 (0.78–1.50) | 0.648 | 331 | 54.80 | 1.03 (0.83–1.28) | 0.792 |
Other CA or country | 74 | 52.48 | 1.34 (0.90–1.99) | 0.152 | 250 | 52.74 | 0.95 (0.75–1.20) | 0.656 |
Residence | ||||||||
Family household | 228 | 45.97 | 1.00 | 649 | 53.37 | 1.00 | ||
Student’s residence hall | 50 | 42.37 | 0.86 (0.58–1.30) | 0.481 | 181 | 54.35 | 1.04 (0.82–1.33) | 0.750 |
Rented apartment | 203 | 49.39 | 1.15 (0.88–1.49) | 0.304 | 630 | 55.12 | 1.07 (0.91–1.26) | 0.395 |
People that the student lives with | ||||||||
Parents | 225 | 45.55 | 1.00 | 649 | 52.98 | 1.00 | ||
Roommates | 207 | 49.64 | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) | 0.218 | 652 | 53.93 | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 0.639 |
Significant other | 10 | 47.62 | 1.09 (0.45–2.61) | 0.852 | 51 | 68.92 | 1.97 (1.19–3.26) | 0.009 |
Alone | 39 | 41.94 | 0.86 (0.55–1.35) | 0.521 | 108 | 58.70 | 1.26 (0.92–1.73) | 0.148 |
Self–perceived health status | ||||||||
Good | 372 | 42.66 | 1.00 | 1028 | 49.33 | 1.00 | ||
Poor | 109 | 71.24 | 3.33 (2.29–4.84) | <0.001 | 432 | 71.05 | 2.52 (2.07–3.06) | <0.001 |
Age | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 0.144 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.191 |
Men (n = 1025) | Women (n = 2692) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
aOR (95% CI) | p | aOR (95% CI) | p | |
Family support | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Slightly dysfunctional | 1.78 (1.44–2.19) | <0.001 | 1.78 (1.44–2.19) | <0.001 |
Severely dysfunctional | 3.34 (2.33–4.80) | <0.001 | 3.31 (2.30–4.75) | <0.001 |
Working status | ||||
Only studying | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Studying and looking for work | 1.16 (0.64–1.81) | 0.354 | 1.32 (1.08–1.61) | 0.006 |
Studying and currently working | 0.90 (0.54–1.50) | 0.688 | 1.06 (0.74–1.50) | 0.758 |
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Share and Cite
Arias-de la Torre, J.; Fernández-Villa, T.; Molina, A.J.; Amezcua-Prieto, C.; Mateos, R.; Cancela, J.M.; Delgado-Rodríguez, M.; Ortíz-Moncada, R.; Alguacil, J.; Redondo, S.; et al. Psychological Distress, Family Support and Employment Status in First-Year University Students in Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071209
Arias-de la Torre J, Fernández-Villa T, Molina AJ, Amezcua-Prieto C, Mateos R, Cancela JM, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Ortíz-Moncada R, Alguacil J, Redondo S, et al. Psychological Distress, Family Support and Employment Status in First-Year University Students in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(7):1209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071209
Chicago/Turabian StyleArias-de la Torre, Jorge, Tania Fernández-Villa, Antonio José Molina, Carmen Amezcua-Prieto, Ramona Mateos, José María Cancela, Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez, Rocío Ortíz-Moncada, Juan Alguacil, Susana Redondo, and et al. 2019. "Psychological Distress, Family Support and Employment Status in First-Year University Students in Spain" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071209
APA StyleArias-de la Torre, J., Fernández-Villa, T., Molina, A. J., Amezcua-Prieto, C., Mateos, R., Cancela, J. M., Delgado-Rodríguez, M., Ortíz-Moncada, R., Alguacil, J., Redondo, S., Gómez-Acebo, I., Morales-Suárez-Varela, M., Blázquez Abellán, G., Jiménez Mejías, E., Valero, L. F., Ayán, C., Vilorio-Marqués, L., Olmedo-Requena, R., & Martín, V. (2019). Psychological Distress, Family Support and Employment Status in First-Year University Students in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071209