Health Disparities in Czechia and Portugal at Country and Municipality Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Method
2.1. Areas of Interest
2.2. Variables: Health Outcomes and Determinants
3. Results
3.1. Country Level: Epidemiological Profile of Czech and Portuguese Population in 2012
3.2. Municipality Level: Prague and Lisbon
4. Discussion
4.1. Principal Findings and Strengths of the Study
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Area of Concern | Dimension | Indicator * |
---|---|---|
Economic environment | Employment | Youth unemployment rate (%) |
Long-term unemployment rate: 12 months or more (%) | ||
Social environment | Education | Population aged 25–64 with lower secondary education attainment (%) |
Population aged 25–64 with upper secondary or tertiary education attainment (%) | ||
Built environment | Housing conditions | Number of rooms per person |
Population density | Population density (inhabitants/km2) | |
Demographic change | Migration | Population born in EU28 countries, excluding the reporting country (%) |
Population born in non-EU28 countries (%) |
Indicator/Variable | Prague (N = 29 Municipality Units) | Lisbon (N = 18 Municipality Units) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Std. Deviation | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Std. Deviation | |
Health Outcomes | ||||||||
Deaths from diseases of the circulatory system * | 417.3 | 675.5 | 544.7 | 63.3 | 276.3 | 442.1 | 353.2 | 38.5 |
Death from cancer * | 245.2 | 339.2 | 287.5 | 25.2 | 236.6 | 280.7 | 257.5 | 14.6 |
Death from diseases of respiratory system * | 17.3 | 77.0 | 60.0 | 14.5 | 85.48 | 157.7 | 113.3 | 20.5 |
Death from diabetes * | 4.1 | 27.4 | 13.5 | 5.1 | 29.57 | 78.14 | 47.9 | 12.9 |
Health Determinants | ||||||||
Youth unemployment rate (%) | 2.9 | 6.1 | 4.8 | 0.81 | 7.7 | 16.3 | 11.6 | 2.47 |
Long term unemployment rate (%) | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.22 | 2.3 | 5.0 | 3.5 | 0.76 |
Population with lower secondary education (%) | 3.1 | 7.1 | 5.1 | 0.92 | 25.7 | 46.7 | 38.9 | 5.54 |
Population with upper secondary or tertiary education (%) | 67.1 | 88.5 | 83.4 | 4.72 | 29.2 | 52.5 | 38.3 | 5.98 |
Housing condition (Average number of rooms per person) | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.08 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 0.08 |
Population density (inhabitants/km2) | 564.7 | 11,747 | 3781.4 | 3078.49 | 135.5 | 7370.6 | 2038.8 | 2235.60 |
Population born in EU28 countries (%) | 3.0 | 9.9 | 5.0 | 1.38 | 0.2 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.60 |
Population born in non-EU28 countries (%) | 4.5 | 15.8 | 10.1 | 2.86 | 2.0 | 9.5 | 5.1 | 2.00 |
Component | Indicators | Factor 1 High Mortality & Social and Housing Deprivation | Factor 2 Low Mortality & Economic, Social, and Housing Prosperity |
Factor Loading | Factor Loading | ||
Health Outcomes | Deaths from diseases of the circulatory system | 0.794 | −0.148 |
Death from diseases of respiratory system | 0.760 | −0.162 | |
Death from diabetes | 0.833 | ||
Death from cancer | 0.428 | 0.389 | |
Health Determinants | Youth unemployment rate | 0.239 | −0.320 |
Long term unemployment rate | −0.151 | −0.447 | |
Population with lower secondary education | 0.394 | −0.863 | |
Population with upper secondary or tertiary education | −0.397 | 0.878 | |
Population density | −0.842 | ||
Housing condition | 0.851 | ||
Population born in EU28 countries | 0.252 | 0.628 | |
Population born in non-EU28 countries | −0.753 | −0.436 |
Component | Indicators | Factor 1 High Circulatory Mortality & Economic and Social Deprivation | Factor 2 High Mortality & Social and Housing Deprivation |
Factor Loading | Factor Loading | ||
Health Outcomes | Deaths from diseases of the circulatory system | 0.632 | 0.430 |
Death from diseases of respiratory system | 0.259 | ||
Death from diabetes | −0.149 | 0.284 | |
Death from cancer | 0.474 | ||
Health Determinants | Youth unemployment rate | 0.861 | |
Long term unemployment rate | 0.784 | ||
Population with lower secondary education | 0.845 | −0.146 | |
Population with upper secondary or tertiary education | −0.759 | ||
Population density | 0.112 | 0.612 | |
Housing condition | −0.238 | −0.795 | |
Population born in EU28 countries | −0.484 | 0.505 | |
Population born in non EU28 countries | −0.146 | 0.549 |
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Lustigova, M.; Dzurova, D.; Costa, C.; Santana, P. Health Disparities in Czechia and Portugal at Country and Municipality Levels. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071139
Lustigova M, Dzurova D, Costa C, Santana P. Health Disparities in Czechia and Portugal at Country and Municipality Levels. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(7):1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071139
Chicago/Turabian StyleLustigova, Michala, Dagmar Dzurova, Claudia Costa, and Paula Santana. 2019. "Health Disparities in Czechia and Portugal at Country and Municipality Levels" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071139