Assessing Heavy Episodic Drinking: A Random Survey of 18 to 34-Year-Olds in Four Cities in Four Different Continents
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Survey Questions
2.2. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ilorin, Nigeria | Montevideo, Uruguay | Moscow, Russia | Wuhan, China | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % (95% CI) | N | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | |
At least once a week | 41 | 2.9 (2.2–4.0) * | 203 | 12.7 (11.2–14.4) * | 68 | 4.2 (3.4–5.3) * | 26 | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) * |
At least twice a month | 42 | 3.1 (2.3–4.1) * | 273 | 17.1 (15.3–19.0) * | 112 | 7.0 (5.9–8.4) | 50 | 3.0 (2.3–4.0) * |
At least once a month | 44 | 3.2 (2.4–4.3) * | 310 | 19.4 (17.5–21.4) * | 140 | 8.8 (7.5–10.3) | 64 | 3.9 (3.1–4.9) * |
Ilorin Nigeria | Montevideo Uruguay | Moscow Russia | Wuhan China | Overall | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HED (yes) | HED (yes) | HED (yes) | HED (yes) | HED (yes) | ||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Overall | 1393 | 1600 | 1593 | 1635 | 6221 | |||||
SEX | ||||||||||
Male | 33 | 73.3 | 236 | 75.9 | 110 | 78.6 | 38 | 59.4 | 417 | 74.5 |
Female | 12 | 26.7 | 75 | 24.1 | 30 | 21.4 | 26 | 40.6 | 143 | 25.5 |
YOU HAVE REACHED ADULTHOOD | ||||||||||
Strongly agree | 21 | 46.7 | 52 | 16.9 | 109 | 77.9 | 45 | 70.3 | 227 | 40.8 |
Agree | 16 | 35.6 | 99 | 32.1 | 28 | 20.0 | 18 | 28.1 | 161 | 28.9 |
Neither agree nor disagree | 1 | 2.2 | 51 | 16.6 | 3 | 2.1 | 1 | 1.6 | 56 | 10.1 |
Disagree | 4 | 8.9 | 93 | 30.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 97 | 17.4 |
Strongly disagree | 3 | 6.7 | 13 | 4.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 16 | 2.9 |
FINANCIALLY INDEPENDENT OF PARENTS OR OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS | ||||||||||
Strongly agree | 9 | 20.5 | 71 | 22.9 | 78 | 57.4 | 32 | 49.2 | 190 | 34.2 |
Agree | 15 | 34.1 | 107 | 34.5 | 29 | 21.3 | 25 | 38.5 | 176 | 31.7 |
Neither agree nor disagree | 4 | 9.1 | 36 | 11.6 | 19 | 14.0 | 4 | 6.2 | 63 | 11.4 |
Disagree | 7 | 15.9 | 74 | 23.9 | 9 | 6.6 | 4 | 6.2 | 94 | 16.9 |
Strongly disagree | 9 | 20.5 | 22 | 7.1 | 1 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 32 | 5.8 |
EMOTIONALLY INDEPENDENT OF YOUR PARENTS OR GUARDIANS | ||||||||||
Strongly agree | 8 | 17.8 | 69 | 22.3 | 63 | 46.3 | 33 | 52.4 | 173 | 31.2 |
Agree | 11 | 24.4 | 153 | 49.4 | 33 | 24.3 | 21 | 33.3 | 218 | 39.4 |
Neither agree nor disagree | 2 | 4.4 | 28 | 9.0 | 25 | 18.4 | 4 | 6.3 | 59 | 10.6 |
Disagree | 15 | 33.3 | 47 | 15.2 | 13 | 9.6 | 5 | 7.9 | 80 | 14.4 |
Strongly disagree | 9 | 20.0 | 13 | 4.2 | 2 | 1.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 24 | 4.3 |
HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION COMPLETED | ||||||||||
Secondary school or less | 23 | 51.1 | 205 | 65.9 | 20 | 14.3 | 19 | 29.7 | 267 | 47.7 |
Vocational/professional/Non-university tertiary education | 9 | 20.0 | 90 | 28.9 | 62 | 44.3 | 40 | 62.5 | 201 | 35.9 |
University degree or higher | 13 | 28.9 | 16 | 5.1 | 58 | 41.4 | 5 | 7.8 | 92 | 16.4 |
EMPLOYMENT SITUATION | ||||||||||
Employed full-time | 25 | 55.6 | 167 | 53.7 | 107 | 76.4 | 51 | 78.5 | 350 | 62.4 |
Employed part-time | 5 | 11.1 | 46 | 14.8 | 13 | 9.3 | 4 | 6.2 | 68 | 12.1 |
Unemployed | 8 | 17.8 | 58 | 18.6 | 4 | 2.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 70 | 12.5 |
Student | 7 | 15.6 | 36 | 11.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 10.8 | 50 | 8.9 |
Other | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 1.3 | 16 | 11.4 | 3 | 4.6 | 23 | 4.1 |
RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION | 0 | |||||||||
Agnostic/atheist | 0 | 0.0 | 168 | 54.2 | 22 | 15.7 | 57 | 87.7 | 247 | 44.2 |
Christian | 32 | 72.7 | 128 | 41.3 | 107 | 76.4 | 1 | 1.5 | 268 | 47.9 |
Muslim | 12 | 27.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 2.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 15 | 2.7 |
Other | 0 | 0.0 | 13 | 4.2 | 2 | 1.4 | 1 | 1.5 | 16 | 2.9 |
MARTIAL STATUS | ||||||||||
Married | 13 | 28.9 | 112 | 36.1 | 50 | 35.7 | 35 | 54.7 | 210 | 37.6 |
Divorced or separated/Widowed | 4 | 8.9 | 13 | 4.2 | 16 | 11.4 | 1 | 1.6 | 34 | 6.1 |
Never married | 28 | 62.2 | 185 | 59.7 | 74 | 52.9 | 28 | 43.8 | 315 | 56.4 |
Ilorin, Nigeria | Montevideo, Uruguay | Moscow, Russia | Wuhan, China | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||||
Reasons for limiting or not drinking alcohol: Not interested | Reasons for limiting or not drinking alcohol: Not interested | ||||||||||
Not at all important | 111 | 40.8 | Not at all important | 152 | 22.7 | ||||||
Not very important | 33 | 12.1 | Not very important | 264 | 39.4 | ||||||
Important | 54 | 20.0 | Important | 142 | 21.2 | ||||||
Very important | 74 | 27.2 | Very important | 113 | 16.8 | ||||||
Reasons for limiting or not drinking alcohol: Cost | |||||||||||
Not at all important | 167 | 61.0 | |||||||||
Not very important | 83 | 30.2 | |||||||||
Important | 18 | 6.4 | |||||||||
Very important | 7 | 2.4 | |||||||||
Frequency of alcohol consumption: Quiet evening at home | Frequency of alcohol consumption: Quiet evening at home | ||||||||||
Never during the past 12 months | 158 | 57.5 | Never during the past 12 months | 730 | 54.0 | ||||||
At least 1/12 mths to <1/mth | 22 | 8.1 | At least 1/12 mths to <1/mth | 205 | 15.2 | ||||||
At least 1/month to <1/week | 37 | 13.6 | At least 1/month to <1/week | 211 | 15.6 | ||||||
At least 1/week | 42 | 15.3 | At least 1/week | 178 | 13.2 | ||||||
Nearly/Every day | 15 | 5.5 | Nearly/Every day | 28 | 2.1 | ||||||
Frequency of alcohol consumption: Public place with friends | |||||||||||
Never during the past 12 months | 789 | 58.4 | |||||||||
At least 1/12 mths to <1/mth | 216 | 16.0 | |||||||||
At least 1/month to <1/week | 190 | 14.1 | |||||||||
At least 1/week | 136 | 10.1 | |||||||||
Nearly/Every day | 19 | 1.4 | |||||||||
Effects of drinking alcohol: Aggressive | Effects of drinking alcohol: Aggressive | ||||||||||
Never true | 731 | 62.1 | Never true | 428 | 63.5 | ||||||
Rarely true | 255 | 21.7 | Rarely true | 188 | 27.9 | ||||||
Sometimes true | 126 | 10.7 | Sometimes true | 49 | 7.3 | ||||||
Often true | 44 | 3.7 | Often true | 8 | 1.1 | ||||||
Very Often true | 20 | 1.7 | Very Often true | 1 | 0.2 | ||||||
Effects of drinking alcohol: Relaxed | |||||||||||
Never true | 226 | 16.1 | |||||||||
Rarely true | 237 | 16.9 | |||||||||
Sometimes true | 390 | 28.8 | |||||||||
Often true | 254 | 18.7 | |||||||||
Very often true | 248 | 18.3 | |||||||||
Effects of drinking alcohol: Forget problems | |||||||||||
Never true | 161 | 13.5 | |||||||||
Rarely true | 198 | 16.5 | |||||||||
Sometimes true | 371 | 31.1 | |||||||||
Often true | 312 | 26.1 | |||||||||
Very often true | 153 | 12.8 | |||||||||
Opinion on how much this person should drink:Father with small children | |||||||||||
0 drinks | 932 | 76.3 | |||||||||
Some drinking (1–2 drinks) | 251 | 20.5 | |||||||||
Feel effects but not drunk | 28 | 2.3 | |||||||||
Drunk sometimes alright | 4 | 0.3 | |||||||||
Getting drunk always alright | 7 | 0.6 | |||||||||
You have reached adulthood | You have reached adulthood | ||||||||||
Strongly agree | 166 | 59.0 | Strongly agree | 306 | 21.8 | ||||||
Agree | 68 | 24.3 | Agree | 572 | 40.8 | ||||||
Neither agree nor disagree | 16 | 5.9 | Neither agree nor disagree | 189 | 13.5 | ||||||
Disagree | 27 | 9.8 | Disagree | 292 | 20.8 | ||||||
Strongly disagree | 3 | 1.0 | Strongly disagree | 42 | 3.0 | ||||||
Employment situation | |||||||||||
Not employed | 227 | 30.4 | |||||||||
Employed | 520 | 69.6 | |||||||||
Gender | Gender | ||||||||||
Male | 710 | 50.6 | Male | 637 | 51.6 | ||||||
Female | 693 | 49.4 | Female | 598 | 48.4 |
Ilorin, Nigeria | Montevideo, Uruguay | Moscow, Russia | Wuhan, China | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% OR) | Adj p | Unadj p | OR (95% OR) | Adj p | Unadj p | OR (95% OR) | Adj p | Unadj p | OR (95% OR) | Adj p | Unadj p | ||||
You have reached adulthood | 2.18 (1.51–3.16) | 0.012 | 0.170 | You have reached adulthood | 1.39 (1.28–1.50) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Effects of drinking alcohol: Aggressive | 1.41 (1.13–1.76) | 0.003 | <0.001 | Effects of drinking alcohol: Aggressive | 1.63 (1.18–2.25) | 0.003 | 0.004 | ||||||||
Reasons limiting/not drinking alcohol:Not interested | 0.77 (0.65–0.91) | 0.022 | 0.029 | Reasons limiting or not drinking alcohol: Not interested | 0.58 (0.40–0.85) | 0.006 | 0.002 | ||||||||
Effects of drinking alcohol: Relaxed | 1.27 (1.15–1.41) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
Effects of drinking alcohol: Forget problems | 1.60 (1.29–1.99) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
Reasons limiting or not drinking alcohol: Cost | 0.33 (0.20–0.55) | 0.012 | 0.013 | ||||||||||||
Specific situationsQuiet evening at home | 1.97 (1.23–3.16) | 0.025 | <0.001 | Specific situations: Quiet evening at home | 1.27 (1.17–1.39) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Opinion on amount: Father with small children | 1.84 (1.35–2.50) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
Employment situation | 2.51 (1.23–5.13) | 0.004 | 0.004 | ||||||||||||
Specific situationsPublic place with friends | 1.63 (1.41–1.88) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
Gender | 0.30 (0.21–0.42) | <0.001 | <0.001 | Gender | 0.35 (0.21–0.59) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Taylor, A.W.; Bewick, B.M.; Ling, Q.; Kirzhanova, V.; Alterwain, P.; Dal Grande, E.; Tucker, G.; Makanjuola, A.B. Assessing Heavy Episodic Drinking: A Random Survey of 18 to 34-Year-Olds in Four Cities in Four Different Continents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050706
Taylor AW, Bewick BM, Ling Q, Kirzhanova V, Alterwain P, Dal Grande E, Tucker G, Makanjuola AB. Assessing Heavy Episodic Drinking: A Random Survey of 18 to 34-Year-Olds in Four Cities in Four Different Continents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(5):706. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050706
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaylor, Anne W., Bridgette M. Bewick, Qian Ling, Valentina Kirzhanova, Paulo Alterwain, Eleonora Dal Grande, Graeme Tucker, and Alfred B. Makanjuola. 2019. "Assessing Heavy Episodic Drinking: A Random Survey of 18 to 34-Year-Olds in Four Cities in Four Different Continents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5: 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050706
APA StyleTaylor, A. W., Bewick, B. M., Ling, Q., Kirzhanova, V., Alterwain, P., Dal Grande, E., Tucker, G., & Makanjuola, A. B. (2019). Assessing Heavy Episodic Drinking: A Random Survey of 18 to 34-Year-Olds in Four Cities in Four Different Continents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(5), 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050706