Associations between Green Building Design Strategies and Community Health Resilience to Extreme Heat Events: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Green Building Practices and Population Health
1.2. Green Building Practices and Climate Change
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Systematic Review
2.2. Conceptual Framework
2.3. LEED Credit Inclusion Criteria
2.4. Systematic Review Inclusion Criteria
3. Results
3.1. LEED Credits Included in the Review
3.2. Results by LEED Credit
3.2.1. Sustainable Sites Credit 1: Site Selection
3.2.2. Sustainable Sites Credit 2: Development Density and Community Connectivity
3.2.3. Sustainable Sites Credit 5.1 and Sustainable Sites Credit 5.2
3.2.4. Sustainable Sites Credit 6.1 and Sustainable Sites Credit 6.2
3.2.5. Sustainable Sites Credit 7.2: Heat Island Effect—Roof
3.2.6. Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance
3.2.7. Energy and Atmosphere Credit 2 and Energy and Atmosphere Credit 3
3.2.8. Indoor Environmental Quality Credit 7.1: Thermal Comfort—Design
4. Discussion
4.1. Health Impact Assessments
4.2. Tool Development
4.3. Policy Development
4.4. Study Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
LEED Credits | Requirements | MESH Query Terms | Relevant Citations a | How Strategy Impacts Risk of Exposure | Environmental Determinants of Health | Co-Benefits to Public Health Outcomes | Co-Harms to Public Health Outcomes | Co-Benefits to Built Environment Outcomes | Co-Harms to Built Environment Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sustainable Sites Credit 1: Site Selection | Avoid development in or adjacent to the following areas: | ||||||||
Prime farmland [18,37,38,39,40,41] | Agriculture Climate Change Facility Design and Construction Urbanization | 6 (17) | Sprawl development Land use changes increasing impervious cover Urban heat island effect exacerbated by climate change | Air pollution Access to opportunities to exercise Dependence on automobiles Food and nutrition security Food safety Habitat fragmentation | Reduced risk of heat-related morbidity and mortality; cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; under- and mal-nutrition; infectious disease; interface between wildlife and humans. | None | Mitigated heat island effect. Reduced development in areas without services. Increased access to local, productive agricultural land. | None | |
Endangered species habitat [42,43,44,45] | Biodiversity Urban Health | 4 (7) | Sprawl development Urban heat island effect exacerbated by climate change | Air pollution Biodiversity in urban environments Disease-carrying vectors | Improved mental health and wellbeing. Reduced risk of respiratory disease. Reduced risk of malaria. | None | Mitigated heat island effect. Increased native vegetation and pervious surface. Increased street trees. Reduced ground-level ozone. | None | |
Parkland [47,48] | Biodiversity Conservation of Natural Resources Facility Design and Construction | 2 (4) | Sprawl development | Habitat fragmentation | Reduced risk of interface between wildlife and humans. | None | Mitigated heat island effect. Cluster development. Increase native vegetation and pervious surface. | None | |
Requirements N/A to Heat: Floodplain Wetlands Water body | |||||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 2: Development Density and Community Connectivity | Locate building on an urban infill site or on a previously developed site that is located near a residential neighborhood and 10 basic services (such as grocery stores and banks). [32,33,34,35,36,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57] | Climate Change Population Density Urban Health | 14 (147) | Urban heat island effect exacerbated by climate change | Urban density Population density Street connectivity Access to multiple services Walkability | Community members available to check on socially isolated neighbors. Reduce risk of cardiovascular disease due to increased physical activity. Reduce heat stress via small-scale, targeted interventions. | Risk of increased risk factor for heat-related morbidity and mortality, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease due to urban heat island. | Mitigated heat island effect. More likely to have access to transport. Small-scale improvements to infrastructure benefit a large number of people. | Risk of increased microclimate temperature. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.1: Site Development—Protect or Restore Habitat | Limit habitat disturbance during construction or restore habitat. [3,58,59,60] | Climate Change Extreme Heat Environment Design | 4 (15) | Urban heat island effect exacerbated by climate change | Percentage vegetation in neighborhoods with vulnerable populations. | Reduce vulnerability to heat stress. Target early heat warning system to neighborhoods with both high land surface temperature and vulnerable populations. | None | Improve thermal comfort of the site/ neighborhood microclimate. Reduce burden on air conditioning system. | None |
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.2: Site Development—Maximize Open Space | Increase vegetated open space. [3,58,59,60] | Climate Change Extreme Heat Environment Design | 4 (15) | Urban heat island effect exacerbated by climate change | Percentage vegetation in neighborhoods with vulnerable populations. | Reduce vulnerability to heat stress. Target early heat warning system to neighborhoods with both high land surface temperature and vulnerable populations. | None | Improve thermal comfort of the site/ neighborhood microclimate. Reduce burden on air conditioning system. | None |
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.1: Stormwater Design—Quantity Control | Design the site to reduce the postdevelopment peak discharge quantity after heavy precipitation events. [3,41,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68] | Climate Change Environment Design Extreme HeatUrbanization | 12 (72) | Sprawl development Urban heat island effect exacerbated by climate change | Percentage vegetation in neighborhoods with vulnerable populations. | Reduce vulnerability to heat stress. Target early heat warning system to neighborhoods with both high land surface temperature and vulnerable populations. | Increasing pollen-producing plants could increase risk of respiratory disease. | Improve thermal comfort of the site/ neighborhood microclimate. Reduce burden on air conditioning system Reduce localized air pollution. | None |
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.2: Stormwater Design—Quality Control | Design the site to remove pollution from stormwater runoff. [3,41,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68] | Climate Change Environment Design Extreme Heat Urbanization | 12 (72) | Sprawl development Urban heat island effect exacerbated by climate change | Percentage vegetation in neighborhoods with vulnerable populations. | Reduce vulnerability to heat stress. Target early heat warning system to neighborhoods with both high land surface temperature and vulnerable populations. | Increasing pollen-producing plants could increase risk of respiratory disease. | Improve thermal comfort of the site/ neighborhood microclimate. Reduce burden on air conditioning system Reduce localized air pollution. | None |
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.1: Heat Island Effect—Nonroof | Shade impervious surfaces on-site or install light-colored or pervious surfaces. [3,41,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68] | Climate Change Environment Design Extreme Heat Urbanization | 13 (72) | Urban heat island effect exacerbated by climate change | Percentage vegetation in neighborhoods with vulnerable populations. | Reduce vulnerability to heat stress. Target early heat warning system to neighborhoods with both high land surface temperature and vulnerable populations. | Increasing pollen-producing plants could increase risk of respiratory disease. | Improve thermal comfort of the site/ neighborhood microclimate. Reduce burden on air conditioning system Reduce localized air pollution. | None |
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.2: Heat Island Effect—Roof | Install light colored roof or vegetated roof. [3,41,62,63,64,65,66,67] | Climate Change Urbanization | 8 (57) | Urban heat island effect exacerbated by climate change | Exposure to high temperatures in urban areas. | Reduce vulnerability to heat stress. Target early heat warning system to neighborhoods with both high land surface temperature and vulnerable populations. | None | Improve thermal comfort of the site/ neighborhood microclimate. Reduce burden on air conditioning system. Reduce localized air pollution. Preserve green space (including on the roof). | None |
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance | Reduce energy use in building and/or increase use of on-site renewable power. [18,69,70,71,72,73,74] | Conservation of Energy Resources Cities Climate Change Disasters Electricity Environment Design Facility Design and Construction Urban Health | 7 (19) | Urban heat island effect exacerbated by climate change Power outage exacerbated by heat | Exposure to high temperatures in urban areas. Power outage exacerbated by heat. | Reduced exposure to heat, poor air quality, exertion, and psychological stress during a power outage. Target public health interventions to vulnerable populations (i.e., elderly, patients dependent on electrically powered medical devices, etc.). | None | Increase the effectiveness of passive survivability. Reduce heat generated by buildings and increase thermal protection of occupants during events. Reduce burden on electrical grid. Reduce localized air pollution. | None |
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 2: On-Site Renewable Energy | Use on-site renewable energy systems. [69,70,71,72,73,74] | Conservation of Energy Resources Cities Climate Change Disasters Electricity Urban Health | 6 (14) | Power outage exacerbated by heat | Exposure to high temperatures in urban areas. Power outage exacerbated by heat. | Reduced exposure to heat, poor air quality, exertion, and psychological stress during a power outage. Target public health interventions to vulnerable populations (i.e., elderly, patients dependent on electrically powered medical devices, etc.). | None | Increase the effectiveness of passive survivability. Reduce heat generated by buildings and increase thermal protection of occupants during events. Reduce burden on electrical grid. Reduce localized air pollution. | None |
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 3: Enhanced Commissioning | Verify that the building’s energy systems perform as efficiently as designed. [69,70,71,72,73,74] | Conservation of Energy Resources Cities Climate Change Disasters Electricity Urban Health | 6 (14) | Power outage exacerbated by heat | Exposure to high temperatures in urban areas. Power outage exacerbated by heat. | Reduced exposure to heat, poor air quality, exertion, and psychological stress during a power outage. Target public health interventions to vulnerable populations (i.e., elderly, patients dependent on electrically powered medical devices, etc.). | None | Increase the effectiveness of passive survivability. Reduce heat generated by buildings and increase thermal protection of occupants during events. Reduce burden on electrical grid Reduce localized air pollution. | None |
Indoor Environmental Quality Credit 7.1: Thermal Comfort—Design | Balance air temperature, humidity, and air speed to provide a space that is comfortable to occupants. [18,69,70,71,72] | Conservation of Energy Resources Cities Climate Change Disasters Electricity Environment Design Facility Design and Construction Urban Health | 5 (16) | Urban heat island effect exacerbated by climate change Power outage exacerbated by heat | Exposure to high temperatures in urban areas. Power outage exacerbated by heat. Ventilation design. | Improve indoor air quality. Reduce risk of mold growth. Reduce risk of heat-related health effects; foodborne disease; potential for an increased rodent population. Reduced exposure to heat, poor air quality, exertion, and psychological stress during a power outage. | None | Increase the effectiveness of passive survivability. Increase indoor air quality protection of occupants during events. | None |
LEED Credit Title Requirement(s): “MeSH Terms” |
Sustainable Sites Credit 1: Site Selection Prime farmland: “Agriculture” AND “Facility Design and Construction” AND “Climate Change”; “Agriculture” AND “Urbanization” AND “Climate Change”. Land in 100-year flood plain: No queries relevant to heat. Endangered species habitat: “Biodiversity” AND “Urban Health”. Land within 100 feet of wetlands or 50 feet of water bodies: No queries relevant to heat. Park land: “Conservation of Natural Resources” AND “Biodiversity” AND “Facility Design and Construction”. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 2: Development Density and Community Connectivity Locate project in a dense urban area: “Population Density” AND “Climate Change” AND “Urban Health”. Locate project close to both a residential area and at least 10 basic services (i.e., grocery stores, etc.): “Population Density” AND “Urban Health”. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.1: Site Development—Protect or Restore Habitat Limit disturbance of habitat on greenfield sites: “Extreme Heat” AND “Environment Design”. Restore habitat on previously developed habitat: “Extreme Heat” AND “Climate Change”. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.2: Site Development—Maximize Open Space Increase vegetated open space: “Extreme Heat” AND “Environment Design”; “Extreme Heat” AND “Climate Change”. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.1: Stormwater Design—Quantity Control Reduce the volume of stormwater that leaves the site after heavy precipitation events: “Extreme Heat” AND “Environment Design”; “Extreme Heat” AND “Climate Change”; “Urbanization” AND “Climate Change”. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.2: Stormwater Design—Quality Control Clean stormwater of total suspended solids: “Extreme Heat” AND “Environment Design”; “Extreme Heat” AND “Climate Change”; “Urbanization” AND “Climate Change”. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.1: Heat Island Effect—Nonroof Install light colored and pervious paving (i.e., roads, sidewalks, parking lots, etc): “Extreme Heat” AND “Environment Design”; “Extreme Heat” AND “Climate Change”; “Urbanization” AND “Climate Change”. Place at least 1/2 of all parking spaces under cover: No queries relevant to heat. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.2: Heat Island Effect—Roof Install light colored or vegetated roofs: “Urbanization” AND “Climate Change”. |
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance Reduce energy use in the building: “Conservation of Energy Resources”[Mesh] AND “Climate Change” AND “Urban Health”; “Facility Design and Construction” AND “Environment Design” AND “Climate Change”; “Electricity” AND “Disasters” AND “Cities”. |
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 2: On-Site Renewable Energy On-site installation of solar, wind, or other renewable energy source: “Conservation of Energy Resources” AND “Climate Change” AND “Urban Health”; “Electricity” AND “Disasters” AND “Cities”. |
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 3: Enhanced Commissioning Perform commissioning (i.e., quality control) on all energy, domestic hot water, lighting, and renewable energy systems; review building operations within 10 months after substantial completion of construction: “Conservation of Energy Resources” AND “Climate Change” AND “Urban Health”; “Electricity” AND “Disasters” AND “Cities”. |
Indoor Environmental Quality Credit 7.1: Thermal Comfort—Design Design air conditioning (HVAC) systems and building envelope to meet standards for temperature, humidity, and airflow: “Conservation of Energy Resources” AND “Climate Change” AND “Urban Health”; “Facility Design and Construction” AND “Environment Design” AND “Climate Change”; “Electricity” AND “Disasters” AND “Cities”. |
BREEAM UK New Construction 2018 v2.0 [111] | CASBEE for Building (New Construction) 2014 [112] | Green Star Design & As Built v1.2 [113] | Living Building Challenge v3.1 [114] | 2015 Enterprise Green Communities Criteria [115] | RELi Pilot v1.2.1 [116] | SITES v 2 [117] | Fitwel v1 [118] | WELL Building Standard v1 [119] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sustainable Sites | |||||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 1: Site Selection | LE 02 Identifying and Understanding the Risks and Opportunities for the Project LE 03 Managing Negative Impacts on Ecology Pol 03 Flood and Surface Water Management | - | Land Use & Ecology 23 Ecological Value Land Use & Ecology 24 Sustainable Sites | Place 01 Limits to Growth | Location + Neighborhood Fabric 2. 1 Sensitive Site Protection | Risk Adaptation & Mitigation for Acute Events, HA R1 Sites of Avoidance & Repair Comprehensive Adaptation & Mitigation for a Resilient Present & Future PH PR2 Minimum Protection for Prime Habitat & Floodplain Functions Comprehensive Adaptation & Mitigation for a Resilient Present & Future PH Pc5 Ecological PHD: Protect Wetlands & Avoid Slopes and Adverse Geology | Site Context P1.1 Limit Development on Farmland Site Context P1.3 Conserve Aquatic Ecosystems Context P1.4 Conserve Habitats for Threatened and Endangered Species | - | - |
Sustainable Sites Credit 2: Development Density and Community Connectivity | Tra 02 Sustainable Transport Measures | Q.3.3. Outdoor Environment (On-Site): Local Characteristics & Outdoor Amenity | Land Use & Ecology 24 Sustainable Sites | Place 01 Limits to Growth | Location + Neighborhood Fabric 2.2 Connections to Existing Development & Infrastructure Location + Neighborhood Fabric 2.3-2.4 Compact Development Location + Neighborhood Fabric 2.5 Proximity to Services | Comprehensive Adaptation & Mitigation for a Resilient Present & Future CV Pc3 Community Connectivity: Mixed-Use Commercial, Housing & Public/Community Space | Site Context c1.6 Locate Projects Within Existing Developed Areas | Entrances & Ground Floor 4.5 Provide at least one Publicly Accessible Use on the Ground Floor to Encourage Pedestrian Activity Entrances & Ground Floor 4.6 Provide a Dedicated Display Advertising Amenities within Walking Distance of the Building | Fitness 67 Exterior Active Design |
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.1: Site Development—Protect or Restore Habitat | Le 01 Site Selection LE 03 Managing Negative Impacts on Ecology LE 04 Change and Enhancement of Ecological Value | Q.3.1. Outdoor Environment (On-Site): Preservation & Creation of Biotope | Land Use & Ecology 24 Sustainable Sites | Place 01 Limits to Growth | Location + Neighborhood Fabric 2.6-2.7 Preservation of and Access to Open Space | Risk Adaptation & Mitigation for Acute Events HA Pc6 Provide Environmental Protection & Remediation for Parks & Preserves | Site Context P1.4 Conserve Habitats for Threatened and Endangered Species | - | - |
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.2: Site Development—Maximize Open Space | Hea 07 Safe and Healthy Surroundings | Q.3.1. Outdoor Environment (On-Site): Preservation & Creation of Biotope | Land Use & Ecology 23 Ecological Value | Place 01 Limits to Growth | Location + Neighborhood Fabric 2.6-2.7 Preservation of and Access to Open Space | - | Site Contect c1.6 Locate Projects Within Existing Developed Areas | Outdoor Spaces 3.1 Provide an Outdoor Space Amenity that is Accessible from a Building Entrance Outdoor Spaces 3.4 Provide a Healing Garden or Therapeutic Landscape Amenity | Mind 88 Biophilia I, Qualitative Mind 100 Biophilia II, Quantitative |
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.1: Stormwater Design—Quantity Control | Pol 03 Flood and Surface Water Management | - | Emissions 26 Storm Water | Water 05 Net Positive Water | Site Improvements 3.6 Surface Stormwater Management | Risk Adaptation & Mitigation for Acute Events HA Pc2 Adaptive Design for Extreme Rain, Sea Rise, Storm Surge & Extreme Weather, Events & Hazards Comprehensive Adaptation & Mitigation for a Resilient Present & Future EW PR1 Minimum Water Efficiency & Resilient Water and Landscapes Comprehensive Adaptation & Mitigation for a Resilient Present & Future EW Pc1 Plan for Rainwater Harvesting, Resilient Landscapes & Food Production | Water P3.1 Manage Precipitation On Site Water c3.3 Manage Precipitation Beyond Baseline-95th Percentile Event | - | - |
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.2: Stormwater Design—Quality Control | Pol 03 Flood and Surface Water Management | - | Emissions 26 Storm Water | Water 05 Net Positive Water | Site Improvements 3.6 Surface Stormwater Management | Risk Adaptation & Mitigation for Acute Events HA Pc2 Adaptive Design for Extreme Rain, Sea Rise, Storm Surge & Extreme Weather, Events & Hazards Comprehensive Adaptation & Mitigation for a Resilient Present & Future EW PR1 Minimum Water Efficiency & Resilient Water and Landscapes Comprehensive Adaptation & Mitigation for a Resilient Present & Future EW Pc1 Plan for Rainwater Harvesting, Resilient Landscapes & Food Production | Water P3.1 Manage Precipitation On Site Water c3.3 Manage Precipitation Beyond Baseline-95th Percentile Event | - | - |
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.1: Heat Island Effect—Nonroof | - | Q.3.3.2 Outdoor Environment (On-Site): Local Characteristics & Outdoor Activity, Improvements of the Thermal Environment on Site LR.3.2.2. Off-Site Environment: Consideration of Local Environment, Heat Island Effect | Land Use & Ecology 25 Heat Island Effect | Place 01 Limits to Growth | Site Improvements 3.7 Reducing Heat-Island Effect: Paving | Comprehensive Adaptation & Mitigation for a Resilient Present & Future EW Pc6 Reduced Site Environmental Impacts, Lighting, Heat-Island, Airborne Toxins | Soil + Vegetation c4.9 Reduce Urban Heat Island Effects Soil + Vegetation c4.10 Use Vegetation to Minimize Building Energy Use | - | - |
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.2: Heat Island Effect—Roof | - | Q.3.3.2 Outdoor Environment (On-Site): Local Characteristics & Outdoor Activity, Improvements of the Thermal Environment on Site LR.1.1. Energy: Control of Heat Load on the Outer Surface of Buildings LR.3.2.2. Off-Site Environment: Consideration of Local Environment, Heat Island Effect | Land Use & Ecology 25 Heat Island Effect | Place 01 Limits to Growth | Materials 6.11 Reduced Heat-Island Effect, Roofing | Risk Adaptation & Mitigation for Acute Events HA Pc4 Passive Thermal Safety, Thermal Comfort & Lighting Design Strategies Comprehensive Adaptation & Mitigation for a Resilient Present & Future EW Pc2 Plan the Site and Orientation for Sun & Wind Harvesting, Natural Cooling | - | - | - |
Energy and Atmosphere | |||||||||
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance | Ene 01 Reduction of Energy Use and Carbon Emissions Ene 04 Low Carbon Design | LR.1.2. Energy: Natural Energy Utilization LR.1.3. Energy: Efficiency in Building Service System LR.3.2.3. Off-Site Environment: Consideration of Local Environment, Load on Local Infrastructure | Energy 15 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Energy 16 Peak Electricity Demand Reduction | Energy 06 Net Positive Energy | Location + Neighborhood Fabric 2.10 Passive Solar Heating/Cooling Energy Efficiency 5.1 Building Performance Standard Energy Efficiency 5.2 Additional Reductions in Energy Use, Nearing Net Zero | Comprehensive Adaptation & Mitigation for a Resilient Present & Future EW Pr2 Minimum Energy Efficiency & Atmospheric Impacts Comprehensive Adaptation & Mitigation for a Resilient Present & Future EW Pc4 Energy Optimization | Soil + Vegetation c4.10 Use Vegetation to Minimize Building Energy Use Operations + Maintenance c8.5 Reduce Outdoor Energy Consumption | - | Air 19 Operable Windows |
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 2: On-Site Renewable Energy | Ene 01 Reduction of Energy Use and Carbon Emissions Ene 04 Low Carbon Design Wst 05 Adaptation to Climate Change | LR.1.3. Energy: Efficiency in Building Service System | Energy 15 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Energy 16 Peak Electricity Demand Reduction | Energy 06 Net Positive Energy | Energy Efficiency 5.7 Photovoltaic / Solar Hot Water Ready, Renewable Energy | Comprehensive Adaptation & Mitigation for a Resilient Present & Future EW Pc4 Energy Optimization | Operations + Maintenance c8.6 Use Renewable Sources for Landscape Electricity Needs | - | - |
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 3: Enhanced Commissioning | Man 04 Commissioning and Handover Man 05 Aftercare | - | Management: 2 Commissioning & Tuning Management 4 Building Information | Energy 06 Net Positive Energy | Energy Efficiency 5.1 Building Performance Standard Operations, Maintenance + Resident Engagement 8.1 Building O&M Manual & Plan | Panoramic Approach PR 3 Commissioning & Long-Term Monitoring / Maintenance | - | - | A03.2 Conduct System Balancing A09.1 Design Healthy Envelope and Entryways |
Indoor Environmental Quality | |||||||||
Indoor Environmental Quality Credit 7.1: Thermal Comfort—Design | Hea 04 Thermal Comfort | Q1.2. Indoor Environment: Thermal Comfort | Indoor Environmental Quality 14 Thermal Comfort | Health & Happiness 07 Civilized Environment Imperative | - | Risk Adaptation & Mitigation for Acute Events HA Pc4 Passive Thermal Safety, Thermal Comfort & Lighting Design Strategies | - | - | Air 19 Operable Windows Comfort 76 Thermal Comfort |
Additional green building strategies not included in the systematic review that could increase a building’s protective capacity during extreme heat events | Ene 08 Energy Efficient Equipment Wst 05 Adaptation to Climate Change | Q.2.2.4. Quality of Service: Durability & Reliability, Reliability LR.3.2.1. Off-Site Environment: Consideration of Local Environment, Air Pollution | Management 3 Adaptation & Resilience | - | Integrative Design 1.2 Resident Health and Well-Being Integrative Design 1.3 Resilient Communities Energy Efficiency 5.4 ENERGY STAR Appliances Energy Efficiency 5.8b Resilient Energy Systems, Islandable Power | Panoramic Approach R1 Study: Project Short-Term Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation Needs Including Climate Panoramic Approach c2 Establish a Sustainability & Resiliency Management System Risk Adaptation & Mitigation for Acute Events Hazard Preparedness Risk Adaptation & Mitigation for Acute Events HA Pc3 Advanced Emergency Operations | - | - | - |
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LEED Credit Title Description |
Sustainable Sites |
Sustainable Sites Credit 1: Site Selection Avoid building on: prime farmland; land in 100-year flood plain; endangered species habitat; land within 100 feet of wetlands or 50 feet of water bodies; park land. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 2: Development Density and Community Connectivity Locate project in a dense urban area or close to both a residential area and at least 10 basic services (i.e., grocery stores, etc.) |
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.1: Site Development—Protect or Restore Habitat Limit disturbance of habitat on greenfield sites. Restore habitat on previously developed habitat. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.2: Site Development—Maximize Open Space Increase vegetated open space. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.1: Stormwater Design—Quantity Control Reduce the volume of stormwater that leaves the site after heavy precipitation events. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.2: Stormwater Design—Quality Control Clean stormwater of total suspended solids. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.1: Heat Island Effect—Nonroof Install light colored and pervious paving (i.e., roads, sidewalks, parking lots, etc) or place at least 1/2 of all parking spaces under cover. |
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.2: Heat Island Effect—Roof Install light colored or vegetated roofs. |
Water Efficiency |
None |
Energy and Atmosphere |
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance Reduce energy use in the building. |
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 2: On-Site Renewable Energy On-site installation of solar, wind, or other renewable energy source. |
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 3: Enhanced Commissioning Perform commissioning (i.e., quality control) on all energy, domestic hot water, lighting, and renewable energy systems. Review building operations within 10 months after substantial completion of construction. |
Materials and Resources |
None |
Indoor Environmental Quality |
Indoor Environmental Quality Credit 7.1: Thermal Comfort—Design Design air conditioning (HVAC) systems and building envelope to meet standards for temperature, humidity, and airflow. |
Innovation in Design |
None |
LEED Credit Title Description | Target Public Health Interventions to Vulnerable Populations (+) | Risk of Heat-Related Morbidity and Mortality (+/−) | Risk of Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality (+/−) | Risk of Respiratory Disease (+/−) | Risk of Infectious Disease (+) | Risk of Vector-Borne Disease (+) | Risk of Under- and Mal-Nutrition (+) | Opportunity for Mental Health and Wellbeing (+) | Opportunity for Social Cohesion (+) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sustainable Sites | |||||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 1: Site Selection Avoid building on: prime farmland; land in 100-year flood plain; endangered species habitat; land within 100 feet of wetlands or 50 feet of water bodies; park land. | L (+) S (+) U (+) | S (+) | S (+) | S (+) | L (+) S (+) U (+) | ||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 2: Development Density and Community Connectivity Locate project in a dense urban area or close to both a residential area and at least 10 basic services (i.e., grocery stores, etc.). | U (+/−) | U (+) | U (+) | U (+) | |||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.1: Site Development—Protect or Restore Habitat Limit disturbance of habitat on greenfield sites. Restore habitat on previously developed habitat. | U (+) | U (+) | |||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.2: Site Development—Maximize Open Space Increase vegetated open space. | U (+) | U (+) | |||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.1: Stormwater Design—Quantity Control Reduce the volume of stormwater that leaves the site after heavy precipitation events. | S (+) U (+) | S (+) U (+) | U (−) | ||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.2: Stormwater Design—Quality Control Clean stormwater of total suspended solids. | S (+) U (+) | S (+) U (+) | U (−) | ||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.1: Heat Island Effect—Nonroof Install light colored and pervious paving (i.e., roads, sidewalks, parking lots, etc) or place at least 1/2 of all parking spaces under cover. | U (+) | U (+) | U (−) | ||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.2: Heat Island Effect—Roof Install light colored or vegetated roofs. | U (+) | U (+) | |||||||
Energy and Atmosphere | |||||||||
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance Reduce energy use in the building. | P (+) | P (+) U (+) | P (+) | P (+) | P (+) | P (+) | |||
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 2: On-Site Renewable Energy On-site installation of solar, wind, or other renewable energy source. | P (+) | P (+) | P (+) | P (+) | P (+) | P (+) | |||
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 3: Enhanced Commissioning Perform commissioning (i.e., quality control) on all energy, domestic hot water, lighting, and renewable energy systems. Review building operations within 10 months after substantial completion of construction. | P (+) | P (+) | P (+) | P (+) | P (+) | P (+) | |||
Indoor Environmental Quality | |||||||||
Indoor Environmental Quality Credit 7.1: Thermal Comfort—Design Design air conditioning (HVAC) systems and building envelope to meet standards for temperature, humidity, and airflow. | P (+) | U (+) | U (+) | U (+) | P (+) | P (+) | P (+) |
LEED Credit Title Description | Urban Heat Island Effect/ Microclimate (+/−) | Air Pollution (+) | Density (+) | Focus Development in Areas with Services (+) | Access to Local, Productive Agricultural Land (+) | Pervious Surface, Shade (+) | Burden on Site Air Conditioning (+) | Burden on Electrical Grid (+) | Effectiveness of Passive Survivability (+) | Indoor Air Quality during Heat Events (+) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sustainable Sites | ||||||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 1: Site Selection Avoid building on: prime farmland; land in 100-year flood plain; endangered species habitat; land within 100 feet of wetlands or 50 feet of water bodies; park land. | S (+) U (+) | S (+) | S (+) | S (+) | S (+) | S (+) U (+) | L (+) | |||
Sustainable Sites Credit 2: Development Density and Community Connectivity Locate project in a dense urban area or close to both a residential area and at least 10 basic services (i.e., grocery stores, etc.) | U (+/−) | U (+) | U (+) | |||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.1: Site Development—Protect or Restore Habitat Limit disturbance of habitat on greenfield sites. Restore habitat on previously developed habitat. | U (+) | U (+) | ||||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 5.2: Site Development—Maximize Open Space Increase vegetated open space. | U (+) | U (+) | ||||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.1: Stormwater Design—Quantity Control Reduce the volume of stormwater that leaves the site after heavy precipitation events. | S (+) U (+) | S (+) | S (+) U (+/−) | S (+) U (+) | ||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 6.2: Stormwater Design—Quality Control Clean stormwater of total suspended solids. | S (+) U (+) | S (+) | S (+) U (+/−) | S (+) U (+) | ||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.1: Heat Island Effect—Nonroof Install light colored and pervious paving (i.e., roads, sidewalks, parking lots, etc) or place at least 1/2 of all parking spaces under cover. | U (+) | U (+) | U (+) | U (+) | ||||||
Sustainable Sites Credit 7.2: Heat Island Effect—Roof Install light colored or vegetated roofs. | U (+) | U (+) | U (+) | U (+) | ||||||
Energy and Atmosphere | ||||||||||
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance Reduce energy use in the building. | P (+) U (+) | P (+) U (+) | P (+) | |||||||
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 2: On-Site Renewable Energy On-site installation of solar, wind, or other renewable energy source. | P (+) | P (+) | ||||||||
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 3: Enhanced Commissioning Perform commissioning (i.e., quality control) on all energy, domestic hot water, lighting, and renewable energy systems. Review building operations within 10 months after substantial completion of construction. | P (+) | P (+) | P (+) | |||||||
Indoor Environmental Quality | ||||||||||
Indoor Environmental Quality Credit 7.1: Thermal Comfort—Design Design air conditioning (HVAC) systems and building envelope to meet standards for temperature, humidity, and airflow. | U (+) | P (+) | P (+) U (+) |
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Houghton, A.; Castillo-Salgado, C. Associations between Green Building Design Strategies and Community Health Resilience to Extreme Heat Events: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040663
Houghton A, Castillo-Salgado C. Associations between Green Building Design Strategies and Community Health Resilience to Extreme Heat Events: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(4):663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040663
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoughton, Adele, and Carlos Castillo-Salgado. 2019. "Associations between Green Building Design Strategies and Community Health Resilience to Extreme Heat Events: A Systematic Review of the Evidence" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4: 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040663