Physical Fighting among School-Attending Adolescents in Pakistan: Associated Factors and Contextual Influences
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Dependent Variable
2.3. Independent Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Survey Question | Coding | Variable |
---|---|---|
Individual level variables | ||
How old are you | 11–17 years (coded categorically) | Age |
What is your sex? | Male (1); Female (0) | Sex |
During the past 12 months, how often have you been so worried about something that you could not sleep at night? | Most of the time/always (1); Never/rarely/sometimes (0) | Anxiety |
During the past 12 months, did you make a plan about how you would attempt suicide? | Yes (1); No (0) | Suicide Plan |
During the past 12 months, how often have you felt lonely? | Most of the time/always (1); Never/rarely/sometimes (0) | Loneliness |
During the past 30 days, how many days did you miss classes or school without permission? | 0–2 times (0); 3 to or more days (1) | Truancy |
During the past 30 days, on how many days | 0 times (0); 1 or more times (1) | Bullying victimization |
During the past 7 days, on how many days were you physically active for a total of at least 60 min per day? | 3 days or less (0); 4 days or more (1) | Physical activity |
How much time do you spend during a typical or usual day sitting and watching television, playing computer games, talking with friends, or doing other sitting activities? | 2 h or less (0); 3 h or more (1) | Sedentary |
During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight? | 0–1 times (0) 2 or more times (1) | In a fight |
Social level variables | ||
During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians understand your problems and worries? | Most of the time/always (1); Never/rarely/sometimes (0) | Supportive parental figures |
During the past 30 days, how often were most of the students in your school kind and helpful? | Always (1); Most of the time/Never/rarely/sometimes (0) | Helpful peers |
How many close friends do you have? | 0 close friends (0); 1 close friends (1); 2 close friends (2); 3+ close friends (3) | Close friends |
During the past 30 days, how often did you go hungry because there was not enough food in your home? | Most of the time/always (1); Never/rarely/sometimes (0) | Food insecurity |
Survey Question | Coding | Variable | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Physical Fight = no (n = 4053 *) | Physical Fight = yes (n = 1107 *) | p-Value | Chi-Square F/t-Value |
Age-mean (SD) | 14.1 (0.85) | 14.2 (0.93) | 0.242 | 1.20 |
Sex (Male) | 56.6 | 79.9 | <0.001 | 36.395 |
Anxiety | 7.4 | 12.6 | 0.001 | 13.271 |
Suicide Plan | 6.2 | 12.8 | <0.001 | 50.099 |
Loneliness | 10.9 | 17.6 | <0.001 | 17.260 |
Truancy | 5.1 | 10.4 | <0.001 | 25.898 |
Bullying Victimization | 10.8 | 32.5 | <0.001 | 86.111 |
Physical activity | 17.3 | 23.3 | 0.060 | 3.917 |
Sedentary | 7.0 | 13.0 | <0.000 | 26.005 |
Supportive parental figures | 41.1 | 33.2 | 0.020 | 6.271 |
Helpful peers | 24.8 | 18.4 | 0.023 | 5.937 |
Social network | ||||
0 close friends | 8.2 | 7.1 | <0.001 | 9.821 |
1 close friend | 28.4 | 19.9 | ||
2 close friends | 23.9 | 22.9 | ||
3+ close friends | 39.5 | 50.2 | ||
Food insecurity | 5.8 | 5.6 | 0.849 | 0.037 |
Variable | Male | Female | p-Value | Chi-Square F/t-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean) | 14.2 (0.95) | 14.1 (0.70) | 0.102 | 1.70 |
Physical Fight | 25.5 | 9.9 | <0.001 | 36.395 |
Anxiety | 8.1 | 8.9 | 0.667 | 0.190 |
Suicide Plan | 7.6 | 7.4 | 0.900 | 0.016 |
Loneliness | 11.5 | 13.3 | 0.329 | 0.997 |
Truancy | 7.9 | 3.4 | 0.007 | 8.893 |
Bullying Victimization | 18.0 | 10.1 | 0.667 | 3.657 |
Physical activity | 20.9 | 14.6 | 0.245 | 1.425 |
Sedentary | 8.9 | 6.9 | 0.235 | 1.490 |
Supportive parental figures | 33.3 | 49.4 | <0.001 | 14.740 |
Helpful peers | 22.6 | 24.9 | 0.536 | 0.395 |
Social network | ||||
0 close friends | 7.1 | 9.5 | 0.001 | 8.007 |
1 close friend | 24.0 | 31.1 | ||
2 close friends | 23.2 | 24.6 | ||
3+ close friends | 45.8 | 34.8 | ||
Food insecurity | 6.6 | 4.6 | 0.148 | 2.245 |
Variable | OR | 95% CI (99% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.11 | 0.93–1.33 (0.87–1.42) | 0.233 |
Sex | 3.05 | 2.05–4.53 (1.78–5.23) | <0.001 |
Anxiety | 1.87 | 1.37–2.56 (1.23–2.86) | <0.001 |
Suicide Plan | 2.28 | 1.79–2.90 (1.65–3.16) | <0.001 |
Loneliness | 1.85 | 1.38–2.48 (1.24–2.75) | <0.001 |
Truancy | 1.87 | 1.41–2.48 (1.27–2.74) | <0.001 |
Bullying Victimization | 3.65 | 2.73–4.88 (2.46–5.42) | <0.001 |
Sedentary | 1.91 | 1.35–2.71 (1.20–3.07) | 0.001 |
Supportive parental figures | 0.82 | 0.65–1.04 (0.60–1.13) | 0.97 |
Helpful peers | 0.69 | 0.50–0.97 (0.44–1.09) | 0.034 |
Social network | |||
0 close friends | 0.77 | 0.51–1.16 (0.44–1.35) | 0.204 |
1 close friends | 0.62 | 0.50–0.77 (0.46–0.83) | <0.001 |
2 close friends | 0.81 | 0.66–0.98 (0.62–1.06) | 0.036 |
3+ close friends | – | – | – |
Variable | OR | 95% CI (99% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | 2.78 | 2.04–3.78 (1.83–4.23) | <0.001 |
Anxiety | 1.36 | 0.95–1.94 (0.84–2.20) | 0.087 |
Suicide Plan | 1.75 | 1.31–2.33 (1.19–2.58) | 0.001 |
Loneliness | 1.44 | 1.09–1.89 (0.99–2.08) | 0.011 |
Truancy | 1.63 | 1.26–2.12 (1.15–2.33) | 0.001 |
Bullying Victimization | 3.14 | 2.32–4.25 (2.08–4.74) | <0.001 |
Sedentary | 1.44 | 0.97–2.14 (0.84–2.46) | 0.067 |
Supportive parental figures | 0.91 | 0.71–1.18 (0.64–1.30) | 0.467 |
Helpful peers | 0.71 | 0.50–1.01 (0.44–1.140) | 0.054 |
Social network | |||
0 close friends | 0.65 | 0.44–0.95 (0.38–1.10) | 0.029 |
1 close friends | 0.60 | 0.47–0.78 (0.43–0.85) | <0.001 |
2 close friends | 0.81 | 0.66–0.98 (0.62–1.05) | 0.034 |
3+ close friends | – | – | – |
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Shaikh, M.A.; Abio, A.; Celedonia, K.L.; Lowery Wilson, M. Physical Fighting among School-Attending Adolescents in Pakistan: Associated Factors and Contextual Influences. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 5039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245039
Shaikh MA, Abio A, Celedonia KL, Lowery Wilson M. Physical Fighting among School-Attending Adolescents in Pakistan: Associated Factors and Contextual Influences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(24):5039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245039
Chicago/Turabian StyleShaikh, Masood Ali, Anne Abio, Karen L. Celedonia, and Michael Lowery Wilson. 2019. "Physical Fighting among School-Attending Adolescents in Pakistan: Associated Factors and Contextual Influences" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 5039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245039
APA StyleShaikh, M. A., Abio, A., Celedonia, K. L., & Lowery Wilson, M. (2019). Physical Fighting among School-Attending Adolescents in Pakistan: Associated Factors and Contextual Influences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 5039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245039