Toxicity of Thallium at Low Doses: A Review
by
Beatrice Campanella 1, Laura Colombaioni 2
, Edoardo Benedetti 3, Agostino Di Ciaula 4, Lisa Ghezzi 5, Massimo Onor 1, Massimo D’Orazio 5, Roberto Giannecchini 5, Riccardo Petrini 5 and Emilia Bramanti 1,*
Beatrice Campanella 1, Laura Colombaioni 2, Edoardo Benedetti 3, Agostino Di Ciaula 4, Lisa Ghezzi 5, Massimo Onor 1, Massimo D’Orazio 5, Roberto Giannecchini 5, Riccardo Petrini 5 and Emilia Bramanti 1,*
1
National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemistry of Organo Metallic Compounds-ICCOM, 56124 Pisa, Italy
2
CNR Neuroscience Institute, Area della Ricerca CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy
3
Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
4
International Society of Doctors for Environment (ISDE), 52100 Arezzo, Italy
5
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(23), 4732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234732
Received: 25 October 2019 / Revised: 19 November 2019 / Accepted: 23 November 2019 / Published: 27 November 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology and Public Health)
A mini review of the toxicity of Thallium (Tl) at low doses is herein presented. Thallium has severe toxicity. Although its acute biological effects have been widely investigated and are well known, its biological effects on human health and in cell cultures at low doses (<100 μg/L) due, for example, to Tl chronic exposure via consumption of contaminated water or foods, have often been overlooked or underestimated. Relatively few papers have been published on this topic and are herein reviewed to provide a focused scientific opinion in the light of current worldwide regulatory issues.
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Keywords:
thallium; emerging contaminant; low dose effects; human health
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Campanella, B.; Colombaioni, L.; Benedetti, E.; Di Ciaula, A.; Ghezzi, L.; Onor, M.; D’Orazio, M.; Giannecchini, R.; Petrini, R.; Bramanti, E. Toxicity of Thallium at Low Doses: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4732.
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