Chlorine Dioxide Degradation Issues on Metal and Plastic Water Pipes Tested in Parallel in a Semi-Closed System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.2. Characterization
2.2.1. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
2.2.2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.2.3. Optical Microscopy
2.2.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.2.5. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microscope Analyses
3.2. FT-IR and DSC Analyses on Plastic Pipes
3.2.1. FT-IR Analyses
3.2.2. DSC Analyses
3.3. Impedance Analyses
3.3.1. PERT Multilayer Samples
3.3.2. Copper Samples
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Elements—New Pipe (w/w) | Elements—Pipe after 8 Weeks (w/w) |
---|---|---|
Copper | Cu (100%) | Cu, O |
Galvanized Steel | Zn (97.7%) Fe (2.3%) | Zn (60.3%), O (21.9%), Fe (13.6%), Cu (2.4%), Cl (0.8%), Al (0.7%), K (0.3%) |
PPR | C, O (trace) | O (71.3%), C (26.2%), Ti (0.9%), Fe (0.4%), Si (0.3%), Cu (0.3%), Cl (0.1%) |
PE-RT | C, O (trace) | O (72.1%), C (27.0%), Cu (0.5%), Cl (0.1%), Si (0.1%) |
Sample | Aging (Weeks) | Position | Tm | ΔHm | Tc | ΔHc | χc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
°C | J/g | °C | J/g | % | |||
PERT | 0 | 127.9 | −133.4 | 115.8 | 155.0 | 46.5 | |
4 | Surface | 126.8 | −143.8 | 116.6 | 164.5 | 50.1 | |
Bulk | 127.7 | −155.6 | 116.3 | 159.7 | 54.3 | ||
8 | Surface | 127.1 | −155.1 | 116.9 | 168.0 | 54.1 | |
Bulk | 127.2 | −159.0 | 116.4 | 168.1 | 55.4 | ||
PPR | 0 | 141.5 | −50.9 | 111.2 | 60.7 | 24.6 | |
4 | Surface | 143.6 | −58.5 | 111.6 | 62.8 | 28.3 | |
Bulk | 143.4 | −54.2 | 111.0 | 64.2 | 26.2 | ||
8 | Surface | 145.9 | −45.0 | 111.0 | 63.4 | 21.7 | |
Bulk | 141.7 | −62.7 | 111.8 | 63.7 | 30.3 |
Sample | Cdl, F |
---|---|
PERT new pipe | (3.00 ± 0.10) 10−11 |
PERT aged 8 weeks | (4.40 ± 0.04) 10−11 |
Cu | Rct, Ω | CPE, F | α |
---|---|---|---|
New pipe 0 V | (1486 ± 19) | (4.35 ± 0.05) 10−4 | (0.578 ± 0.002) |
Aged 8 weeks 0 V | (1279 ± 127) | (2.30 ± 0.06) 10−3 | (0.453 ± 0.006) |
New pipe 0.05 V | (108.9 ± 0.8) | (1.37 ± 0.03) 10−3 | (0.450 ± 0.002) |
Aged 8 weeks 0.05 V | (121 ± 6) | (1.18 ± 0.03) 10−2 | (0.227 ± 0.005) |
New pipe 0.1 V | (22.6 ± 0.3) | (6.6 ± 0.3) 10−4 | (0.524 ± 0.008) |
Aged 8 weeks 0.1 V | (6.7 ± 0.5) | (3.6 ± 0.6) 10−3 | (0.423 ± 0.003) |
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Vertova, A.; Miani, A.; Lesma, G.; Rondinini, S.; Minguzzi, A.; Falciola, L.; Ortenzi, M.A. Chlorine Dioxide Degradation Issues on Metal and Plastic Water Pipes Tested in Parallel in a Semi-Closed System. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4582. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224582
Vertova A, Miani A, Lesma G, Rondinini S, Minguzzi A, Falciola L, Ortenzi MA. Chlorine Dioxide Degradation Issues on Metal and Plastic Water Pipes Tested in Parallel in a Semi-Closed System. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(22):4582. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224582
Chicago/Turabian StyleVertova, Alberto, Alessandro Miani, Giordano Lesma, Sandra Rondinini, Alessandro Minguzzi, Luigi Falciola, and Marco Aldo Ortenzi. 2019. "Chlorine Dioxide Degradation Issues on Metal and Plastic Water Pipes Tested in Parallel in a Semi-Closed System" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22: 4582. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224582