Comparison of Culture- and Quantitative PCR-Based Indicators of Antibiotic Resistance in Wastewater, Recycled Water, and Tap Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Water Systems and Sampling
2.2. Culture-Based Methods
2.3. Culture-Independent Methods
2.4. Statistical analyses
3. Results
3.1. Culture-Based and qPCR Determinations
3.2. Molecular Biomarkers and Culture-Based Methods
3.3. Quantitative PCR Inter-Laboratory Comparability
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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mFC (TC) | mFC (FC) | mFC+CTX (TC) | mFC+CTX (FC) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
16S rRNA | 0.399 | 0.375 | 0.331 | 0.000 |
gadAB | 0.868* | 0.861* | 0.764* | 0.016 |
uidA | 0.805* | 0.795* | 0.922* | 0.567 |
blaOXA-1 | 0.327 | 0.298 | 0.279 | 0.055 |
blaCTX-M | 0.750* | 0.761* | 0.738* | 0.048 |
tet(O) | 0.494 | 0.489 | 0.521 | 0.333 |
sul1 | 0.247 | 0.220 | 0.157 | 0.037 |
sul2 | 0.157 | 0.149 | 0.151 | 0.003 |
intI1 | 0.762* | 0.750* | 0.725* | 0.000 |
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Rocha, J.; Fernandes, T.; Riquelme, M.V.; Zhu, N.; Pruden, A.; Manaia, C.M. Comparison of Culture- and Quantitative PCR-Based Indicators of Antibiotic Resistance in Wastewater, Recycled Water, and Tap Water. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214217
Rocha J, Fernandes T, Riquelme MV, Zhu N, Pruden A, Manaia CM. Comparison of Culture- and Quantitative PCR-Based Indicators of Antibiotic Resistance in Wastewater, Recycled Water, and Tap Water. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214217
Chicago/Turabian StyleRocha, Jaqueline, Telma Fernandes, Maria V. Riquelme, Ni Zhu, Amy Pruden, and Célia M. Manaia. 2019. "Comparison of Culture- and Quantitative PCR-Based Indicators of Antibiotic Resistance in Wastewater, Recycled Water, and Tap Water" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214217