The Spillover Effects of Spousal Chronic Diseases on Married Couples’ Labour Supply: Evidence from China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theories and Literature Review
2.1. Added Worker Effect (AWE)
2.2. Household Production
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Data
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Spousal Chronic Disease
3.2.2. Labour Supply
3.2.3. Covariates
3.3. Methods
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Main Results
4.3. Heterogeneity by Socioeconomic Status
4.4. Robustness Checks
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Yang, G.; Wang, Y.; Zeng, Y.; Gao, G.F.; Liang, X.; Zhou, M.; Wan, X.; Yu, S.; Jiang, Y.; Naghavi, M.; et al. Rapid health transition in China, 1990–2010: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 2013, 381, 1987–2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bloom, D.E.; Cafiero-Fonseca, E.T.; McGovern, M.E.; Prettner, K.; Stanciole, A.; Weiss, J.; Bakkila, S.; Rosenberg, L. The macroeconomic impact of non-communicable diseases in China and India: Estimates, projections, and comparisons. J. Econ. Ageing 2014, 4, 100–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Abegunde, D.O.; Stanciole, A.E. The economic impact of chronic diseases: How do households respond to shocks? evidence from Russia. Soc. Sci. Med. 2008, 66, 2296–2307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, X.; Zhao, X.; Harris, A. Chronic diseases and labour force participation in Australia. J. Health Econ. 2009, 28, 91–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, X.; Zhu, C. Will knowing diabetes affect labor income? Evidence from a natural experiment. Econ. Lett. 2014, 124, 74–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ward, B.W. Multiple chronic conditions and labor force outcomes: A population study of U.S. adults. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2015, 58, 943–954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, H. Universal health insurance coverage for 1.3 billion people: What accounts for China′s success? Health Policy 2015, 119, 1145–1152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, S.; Burström, B.; Sparring, V.; Qian, D. Vertical integrated service model: An educational intervention for chronic disease management and its effects in rural China—A study protocol. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2018, 18, 567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dong, X.; An, X. Gender patterns and value of unpaid care work: Findings from China′s first large-scale time use survey. Rev. Income Wealth 2015, 61, 540–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McLeod, J.D.; Kessler, R.C. Socioeconomic status differences in vulnerability to undesirable life events. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1990, 31, 162–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lundberg, S. The added worker effect. J. Labor Econ. 1985, 3, 11–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Charles, K.K. Sickness in the family: Health shocks and spousal labor supply. Ford Sch. Public Policy Univ. Mich. 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Coile, C.C. Health Shocks and Couples′ Labor Supply Decisions; NBER Working Paper No. 10810; National Bureau of Economic Research: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Garcia-Gomez, P.; van Kippersluis, H.; O’Donnell, O.; van Doorslaer, E. Long term and spillover effects of health shocks on employment and income. J. Hum. Resour. 2013, 48, 873–909. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Van Houtven, C.H.; Coe, N.B. Spousal Health Shocks and the Timing of the Retirement Decision in the Face of Forward-Looking Financial Incentives; Working Paper WP 2010-7; Center for Retirement Research: Boston, MA, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Johnson, W.G.; Murphy, E.H., Jr. The response of low-income households to income losses from disability. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 1975, 29, 85–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parsons, D.O. Health, family structure, and labor supply. Am. Econ. Rev. 1977, 67, 703–712. [Google Scholar]
- Berger, M.C. Labor supply and spouse′s health: The effects of illness, disability, and mortality. Soc. Sci. Q. 1983, 64, 494–509. [Google Scholar]
- Hara, B.O. Do mothers work to support ailing husbands. J. Fam. Econ. Issues 2004, 25, 179–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hollenbeak, C.S.; Farley Short, P.; Moran, J. The implications of cancer survivorship for spousal employment. J. Cancer Surviv. 2011, 5, 226–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Becker, G.S. A theory of the allocation of time. Econ. J. 1965, 493–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pollak, R.A.; Wachter, M.L. The relevance of the household production function and its implications for the allocation of time. J. Political Econ. 1975, 83, 255–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grossman, M. On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. J. Political Econ. 1972, 80, 223–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jacobson, L. The family as producer of health: An extended grossman model. J. Health Econ. 2000, 19, 611–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bolin, K.; Jacobson, L.; Lindgren, B. The family as the health producer: When spouses are Nash-bargainers. J. Health Econ. 2001, 20, 349–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bolin, K.; Jacobson, L.; Lindgren, B. The family as the health producer: When spouses act strategically. J. Health Econ. 2002, 21, 475–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiappori, P. Rational household labor supply. Econometrica 1988, 56, 63–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiappori, P. Introducing household production in collective models of labor supply. J. Political Econ. 1997, 105, 191–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Apps, P.F.; Rees, R. Collective labor supply and household production. J. Political Econ. 1997, 105, 178–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, Y.; Hu, J. An introduction to the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Chin. Sociol. Rev. 2014, 47, 3–29. [Google Scholar]
- Moran, J.R.; Short, P.F.; Hollenbeak, C.S. Long-term employment effects of surviving cancer. J. Health Econ. 2011, 30, 505–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Andersen, M. Heterogeneity and the effect of mental health parity mandates on the labor market. J. Health Econ. 2015, 43, 74–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Candon, D. The effects of cancer on older workers in the english labour market. Econ. Hum. Biol. 2015, 18, 74–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Heckman, J.; Ichimura, H.; Smith, J.; Todd, P. Characterizing selection bias using experimental data. Econometrica 1998, 66, 1017–1098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imbens, G.W.; Wooldridge, J.M. Recent developments in the econometrics of program evaluation. J. Econ. Lit. 2009, 47, 5–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, F.; An, J.J.; Scully, R.; Barrington, C.; Patel, B.V.; Nichol, M.B. The impact of value-based benefit design on adherence to diabetes medications: A propensity score-weighted difference in difference evaluation. Value Health 2010, 13, 846–852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stuart, E.A.; Huskamp, H.A.; Duckworth, K.; Simmons, J.; Song, Z.; Chernew, M.E.; Barry, C.L. Using propensity scores in difference-in-differences models to estimate the effects of a policy change. Health Serv. Outcomes Res. Methodol. 2014, 14, 166–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Heinesen, E.; Kolodziejczyk, C. Effects of breast and colorectal cancer on labour market outcomes: Average effects and educational gradients. J. Health Econ. 2013, 32, 1028–1042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Michaud, P.; Vermeulen, F. A collective labor supply model with complementarities in leisure: Identification and estimation by means of panel data. Labour Econ. 2011, 18, 159–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boyle, M.A.; Lahey, J.N. Spousal labor market effects from government health insurance: Evidence from a veterans affairs expansion. J. Health Econ. 2016, 45, 63–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baker, M.; Stabile, M.; Deri, C. What do self-reported, objective, measures of health measure. J. Hum. Resour. 2004, 39, 1067–1093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variables | Wives | Husbands | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | |||||||||
Treatment | Control | p-Value | Treatment | Control | p-Value | Treatment | Control | P-value | Treatment | Control | p-Value | |
Age | 40.737 | 38.425 | 0.013 | 42.711 | 40.416 | 0.014 | 45.265 | 42.150 | 0.000 | 47.229 | 44.125 | 0.000 |
Education | ||||||||||||
Less than high school | 0.539 | 0.534 | 0.923 | 0.539 | 0.534 | 0.923 | 0.572 | 0.601 | 0.482 | 0.572 | 0.601 | 0.482 |
High school | 0.197 | 0.218 | 0.683 | 0.197 | 0.218 | 0.683 | 0.259 | 0.221 | 0.260 | 0.259 | 0.221 | 0.260 |
College or higher | 0.263 | 0.249 | 0.782 | 0.263 | 0.249 | 0.782 | 0.169 | 0.179 | 0.744 | 0.169 | 0.179 | 0.744 |
Occupations | ||||||||||||
Farming, construction | 0.237 | 0.335 | 0.080 | 0.276 | 0.333 | 0.317 | 0.578 | 0.533 | 0.264 | 0.548 | 0.533 | 0.716 |
Sales or office | 0.487 | 0.399 | 0.137 | 0.474 | 0.398 | 0.198 | 0.235 | 0.229 | 0.860 | 0.265 | 0.255 | 0.768 |
Management or professional | 0.250 | 0.236 | 0.781 | 0.250 | 0.258 | 0.883 | 0.157 | 0.200 | 0.185 | 0.169 | 0.198 | 0.362 |
Spousal health | ||||||||||||
Cared by partner | 0.921 | 0.917 | 0.905 | 0.829 | 0.828 | 0.978 | 0.843 | 0.822 | 0.489 | 0.705 | 0.737 | 0.372 |
Days of hospitalisation | 0.987 | 0.482 | 0.309 | 4.750 | 0.674 | 0.000 | 1.572 | 0.563 | 0.002 | 3.193 | 0.533 | 0.000 |
Poor status | 0.211 | 0.043 | 0.000 | 0.342 | 0.058 | 0.000 | 0.169 | 0.080 | 0.000 | 0.325 | 0.107 | 0.000 |
Worse than last year | 0.237 | 0.170 | 0.143 | 0.487 | 0.193 | 0.000 | 0.295 | 0.221 | 0.030 | 0.590 | 0.243 | 0.000 |
Overweight | 0.355 | 0.293 | 0.256 | 0.421 | 0.316 | 0.062 | 0.241 | 0.184 | 0.075 | 0.217 | 0.193 | 0.459 |
Obese | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.979 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.934 | 0.006 | 0.017 | 0.295 | 0.024 | 0.025 | 0.946 |
Asset quartile | ||||||||||||
1st | 0.158 | 0.214 | 0.254 | 0.184 | 0.198 | 0.770 | 0.283 | 0.270 | 0.728 | 0.283 | 0.278 | 0.891 |
2nd | 0.118 | 0.240 | 0.016 | 0.118 | 0.246 | 0.012 | 0.235 | 0.264 | 0.416 | 0.193 | 0.265 | 0.044 |
3rd | 0.289 | 0.278 | 0.839 | 0.276 | 0.282 | 0.911 | 0.193 | 0.239 | 0.181 | 0.223 | 0.234 | 0.740 |
4th | 0.434 | 0.268 | 0.002 | 0.421 | 0.273 | 0.007 | 0.289 | 0.226 | 0.069 | 0.301 | 0.223 | 0.023 |
Non-labour income quartile | ||||||||||||
1st | 0.250 | 0.302 | 0.346 | 0.289 | 0.337 | 0.404 | 0.247 | 0.230 | 0.628 | 0.253 | 0.248 | 0.878 |
2nd | 0.237 | 0.251 | 0.782 | 0.158 | 0.199 | 0.384 | 0.313 | 0.235 | 0.026 | 0.181 | 0.244 | 0.069 |
3rd | 0.289 | 0.214 | 0.129 | 0.276 | 0.203 | 0.137 | 0.229 | 0.270 | 0.259 | 0.265 | 0.272 | 0.852 |
4th | 0.224 | 0.233 | 0.852 | 0.276 | 0.260 | 0.763 | 0.211 | 0.265 | 0.132 | 0.301 | 0.236 | 0.066 |
Family size | 3.921 | 3.951 | 0.871 | 3.776 | 3.949 | 0.346 | 3.976 | 4.051 | 0.535 | 3.970 | 4.078 | 0.397 |
Children aged six or below | 0.224 | 0.258 | 0.553 | 0.211 | 0.188 | 0.654 | 0.145 | 0.285 | 0.001 | 0.139 | 0.233 | 0.016 |
Urban | 0.789 | 0.750 | 0.447 | 0.789 | 0.750 | 0.447 | 0.675 | 0.641 | 0.397 | 0.675 | 0.641 | 0.397 |
Region | ||||||||||||
East | 0.566 | 0.478 | 0.144 | 0.566 | 0.478 | 0.144 | 0.446 | 0.451 | 0.889 | 0.446 | 0.451 | 0.889 |
Northeast | 0.145 | 0.170 | 0.579 | 0.145 | 0.170 | 0.579 | 0.145 | 0.161 | 0.587 | 0.145 | 0.161 | 0.587 |
Middle | 0.237 | 0.222 | 0.759 | 0.237 | 0.222 | 0.759 | 0.235 | 0.239 | 0.902 | 0.235 | 0.239 | 0.902 |
West | 0.053 | 0.131 | 0.048 | 0.053 | 0.131 | 0.048 | 0.175 | 0.148 | 0.371 | 0.175 | 0.148 | 0.371 |
Weekly hours of work | 48.469 | 49.739 | 0.497 | 44.851 | 48.518 | 0.083 | 52.849 | 52.143 | 0.628 | 45.762 | 49.474 | 0.018 |
Weekly hours of full-time work | 50.390 | 52.471 | 0.257 | 48.875 | 52.122 | 0.106 | 54.602 | 55.072 | 0.743 | 49.129 | 53.628 | 0.003 |
Observations | 76 | 772 | 76 | 772 | 166 | 1442 | 166 | 1442 |
Variables | Wives | Husbands | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weekly Hours of Work | Weekly Hours of Full-Time Work | Weekly Hours of Work | Weekly Hours of Full-Time Work | ||
Treatment × Post | −3.769 *** | −2.535 ** | −3.830 *** | −3.643 *** | |
(1.282) | (1.148) | (1.456) | (1.396) | ||
Treatment | −0.058 | −0.795 | 1.084 | −0.163 | |
(1.511) | (1.409) | (1.372) | (1.400) | ||
Post | −0.623 | −0.125 | −2.618 *** | −1.530 *** | |
(0.605) | (0.560) | (0.579) | (0.560) | ||
Age | −0.234 *** | −0.066 | −0.165 *** | −0.064 | |
(0.086) | (0.074) | (0.052) | (0.049) | ||
Education: Less than high school | |||||
High school | −3.441 *** | −3.153 ** | −3.622 *** | −3.560 *** | |
(1.236) | (1.258) | (1.089) | (0.981) | ||
College or higher | −7.004 *** | −7.904 *** | −7.495 *** | −9.175 *** | |
(1.242) | (1.160) | (1.247) | (1.311) | ||
Occupations: Farming, construction or others | |||||
Sales or office | −3.873 *** | −1.832 | 0.801 | 1.083 | |
(1.255) | (1.290) | (1.034) | (1.126) | ||
Management or professional | −6.804 *** | −4.039 *** | −3.092 *** | −1.736 | |
(1.523) | (1.397) | (1.135) | (1.105) | ||
Spousal health | |||||
Cared by partner | −1.519 | −2.377 ** | −2.110 ** | −1.471 ** | |
(1.436) | (1.189) | (0.844) | (0.689) | ||
Days of hospitalisation | 0.046 | 0.029 | 0.021 | 0.010 | |
(0.048) | (0.053) | (0.052) | (0.054) | ||
Poor status | 2.612 | 3.249 | −0.120 | 1.041 | |
(2.550) | (2.118) | (1.409) | (1.363) | ||
Worse than last year | 2.127 * | 1.414 | −0.536 | −0.927 | |
(1.156) | (1.129) | (0.681) | (0.662) | ||
Overweight | −1.423 | −2.196 *** | 1.042 | 1.168 | |
(0.863) | (0.758) | (0.875) | (0.895) | ||
Obese | −0.543 | −1.691 | −5.793 *** | −3.867 ** | |
(2.368) | (1.590) | (2.218) | (1.825) | ||
Asset: 1st quartile | |||||
2nd quartile | −0.329 | −0.483 | 0.957 | 0.185 | |
(1.539) | (1.411) | (1.212) | (1.146) | ||
3rd quartile | −1.337 | −2.374 ** | −0.936 | −1.861 * | |
(1.410) | (1.162) | (1.047) | (1.063) | ||
4th quartile | −3.928 ** | −4.839 *** | −2.167* | −2.748 ** | |
(1.621) | (1.362) | (1.188) | (1.276) | ||
Non-labour income: 1st quartile | |||||
2nd quartile | 1.510 | 1.049 | 0.717 | 0.651 | |
(1.029) | (1.041) | (0.977) | (1.034) | ||
3rd quartile | 0.727 | 1.809* | 0.590 | 0.593 | |
(1.185) | (1.044) | (1.104) | (1.111) | ||
4th quartile | 0.997 | 0.728 | −1.748* | −0.661 | |
(1.148) | (1.007) | (0.983) | (1.043) | ||
Family size | −0.800 ** | −0.488 ** | 0.324 | 0.548* | |
(0.332) | (0.228) | (0.311) | (0.311) | ||
Children aged six or below | 1.488 | 1.750 | −0.896 | −0.338 | |
(1.351) | (1.306) | (0.716) | (0.711) | ||
Urban | −1.871 | −3.679 *** | −0.333 | −1.528 | |
(1.414) | (1.335) | (0.966) | (1.003) | ||
Region: East | |||||
Northeast | 2.251 | 2.130 | 6.538 *** | 5.719 *** | |
(1.770) | (1.527) | (1.374) | (1.368) | ||
Mid | 2.019 * | 1.432 | 1.995 * | 2.640 *** | |
(1.187) | (1.002) | (1.030) | (0.959) | ||
West | −0.231 | 3.006 | 1.283 | 2.884 ** | |
(2.436) | (2.124) | (1.440) | (1.238) | ||
Constant | 69.825 *** | 66.191 *** | 61.446 *** | 59.212 *** | |
(5.523) | (4.799) | (3.154) | (2.980) | ||
Observations | 1696 | 1442 | 3216 | 2686 | |
R-squared | 0.139 | 0.197 | 0.090 | 0.120 |
Variables | Wives | Husbands | Wives | Husbands | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weekly Hours of Work | Weekly Hours of Full-Time Work | Weekly Hours of Work | Weekly Hours of Full-Time Work | Weekly Hours of Work | Weekly Hours of Full-Time Work | Weekly Hours of Work | Weekly Hours of Full-Time Work | |
Lower than College | College Degree or Higher | |||||||
Panel A: Education | ||||||||
Treatment × Post | −5.000 *** | −2.913 * | −4.624 *** | −4.359 *** | 0.845 | 0.007 | −0.439 | −1.036 |
(1.697) | (1.503) | (1.628) | (1.584) | (1.745) | (1.787) | (2.558) | (2.429) | |
Treatment | −0.639 | −1.767 | 0.689 | −0.615 | 0.726 | −0.443 | 1.533 | 0.162 |
(1.838) | (1.828) | (1.628) | (1.717) | (2.463) | (2.496) | (1.643) | (1.508) | |
Post | −0.426 | 0.068 | −2.500 *** | −1.539 ** | −1.585 * | −0.981 | −3.403 *** | −1.707 ** |
(0.764) | (0.746) | (0.659) | (0.646) | (0.803) | (0.665) | (0.964) | (0.767) | |
Observations | 1272 | 1076 | 2644 | 2188 | 424 | 366 | 572 | 498 |
R-squared | 0.100 | 0.121 | 0.062 | 0.064 | 0.093 | 0.103 | 0.116 | 0.112 |
Panel B: Spousal education | ||||||||
Treatment × Post | −4.442 *** | −2.700 * | −4.301 *** | −4.090 *** | −1.049 | −2.040 | −0.776 | −1.708 |
(1.646) | (1.496) | (1.560) | (1.507) | (2.200) | (2.250) | (3.041) | (2.984) | |
Treatment | −0.760 | −1.747 | 0.880 | −0.456 | 1.869 | 1.013 | −0.610 | −1.209 |
(1.753) | (1.755) | (1.525) | (1.612) | (3.013) | (2.942) | (2.739) | (2.684) | |
Post | −0.973 | −0.288 | −2.850 *** | −1.756 *** | 0.259 | −0.029 | −1.568 | −0.722 |
(0.723) | (0.710) | (0.633) | (0.601) | (0.886) | (0.662) | (1.410) | (1.556) | |
Observations | 1294 | 1098 | 2810 | 2324 | 402 | 344 | 406 | 362 |
R-squared | 0.098 | 0.128 | 0.073 | 0.079 | 0.140 | 0.159 | 0.126 | 0.124 |
Variables | Wives | Husbands | Wives | Husbands | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weekly Hours of Work | Weekly Hours of Full-Time Work | Weekly Hours of Work | Weekly Hours of Full-Time Work | Weekly Hours of Work | Weekly Hours of Full-Time Work | Weekly Hours of Work | Weekly Hours of Full-Time Work | |
Low Group | Low Group | High Group | High Group | |||||
Panel A: family asset | ||||||||
Treatment × Post | −7.021 ** | −5.490 * | −6.202 *** | −4.775 ** | −2.125 | −0.996 | −2.023 | −2.628 |
(3.236) | (3.008) | (2.209) | (2.153) | (1.374) | (1.421) | (1.808) | (1.718) | |
Treatment | −0.215 | −0.787 | 3.047 | 1.821 | −0.430 | −1.459 | −0.190 | −1.494 |
(3.178) | (2.970) | (2.224) | (2.249) | (1.623) | (1.587) | (1.340) | (1.399) | |
Post | 0.301 | 0.815 | −2.169 ** | −1.741 ** | −1.633 ** | −1.105 | −3.016 *** | −1.274 |
(1.156) | (1.061) | (0.854) | (0.802) | (0.755) | (0.675) | (0.863) | (0.842) | |
Observations | 737 | 628 | 1719 | 1425 | 959 | 814 | 1497 | 1261 |
R-squared | 0.129 | 0.173 | 0.076 | 0.092 | 0.140 | 0.174 | 0.077 | 0.111 |
Panel B: Non-labour income | ||||||||
Treatment × Post | −5.653 ** | −3.465 * | −6.105 *** | −5.037 ** | −2.255 | −1.499 | −1.321 | −1.440 |
(2.275) | (2.013) | (2.253) | (2.283) | (2.323) | (2.162) | (2.283) | (1.882) | |
Treatment | 1.234 | −0.180 | 3.061 | 1.085 | −1.616 | −2.331 | −1.739 | −2.505 |
(1.931) | (1.841) | (1.936) | (2.222) | (2.340) | (2.352) | (2.144) | (1.871) | |
Post | −1.268 | −0.526 | −2.534 ** | −2.291 ** | −0.219 | −0.019 | −2.681 *** | −0.837 |
(0.973) | (0.903) | (1.024) | (0.938) | (0.893) | (0.854) | (0.895) | (0.873) | |
Observations | 912 | 778 | 1545 | 1325 | 784 | 664 | 1671 | 1361 |
R-squared | 0.140 | 0.199 | 0.087 | 0.115 | 0.148 | 0.190 | 0.091 | 0.133 |
Variables | Wives | Husbands | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Weekly Hours of Work | Weekly Hours of Full-Time Work | Weekly Hours of Work | Weekly Hours of Full-Time Work | |
Panel A: Restricting the sample | ||||
Treatment × Post | −4.087 ** | −3.297 ** | −4.085 *** | −3.808 *** |
(1.594) | (1.429) | (1.475) | (1.346) | |
Treatment | −0.038 | −0.587 | 1.908 | 0.429 |
(1.582) | (1.544) | (1.391) | (1.386) | |
Post | −0.673 | −0.166 | −2.612 *** | −1.424 ** |
(0.667) | (0.608) | (0.578) | (0.561) | |
Observations | 1529 | 1311 | 3092 | 2596 |
R-squared | 0.139 | 0.195 | 0.094 | 0.124 |
Panel B: Weighted difference-in-difference | ||||
Treatment × Post | −4.229 *** | −2.135 ** | −4.401 *** | −3.798 *** |
(1.470) | (1.038) | (1.442) | (1.339) | |
Treatment | 0.238 | 0.105 | 1.502 | 0.185 |
(1.490) | (1.244) | (1.373) | (1.366) | |
Post | 0.267 | 0.404 | −1.891 ** | −0.948 |
(1.060) | (0.586) | (0.760) | (0.720) | |
Observations | 1696 | 1442 | 3216 | 2686 |
R-squared | 0.203 | 0.289 | 0.131 | 0.169 |
Panel C: Additional controls | ||||
Treatment × Post | −3.726 *** | −2.367 ** | −3.860 *** | −3.756 *** |
(1.297) | (1.181) | (1.461) | (1.408) | |
Treatment | −0.144 | −0.881 | 1.139 | −0.071 |
(1.531) | (1.423) | (1.374) | (1.411) | |
Post | −0.728 | −0.026 | −2.351 *** | −1.129 * |
(0.635) | (0.613) | (0.644) | (0.637) | |
Observations | 1696 | 1442 | 3216 | 2686 |
R-squared | 0.144 | 0.203 | 0.090 | 0.121 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Shen, Z.; Zheng, X.; Tan, Y. The Spillover Effects of Spousal Chronic Diseases on Married Couples’ Labour Supply: Evidence from China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4214. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214214
Shen Z, Zheng X, Tan Y. The Spillover Effects of Spousal Chronic Diseases on Married Couples’ Labour Supply: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4214. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214214
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Zheng, Xiaodong Zheng, and Yiwen Tan. 2019. "The Spillover Effects of Spousal Chronic Diseases on Married Couples’ Labour Supply: Evidence from China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4214. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214214