Effects of High Intensity Interval Training on Executive Function in Children Aged 8–12 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. HIIT Intervention
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Physical Fitness
2.3.2. Executive Function
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Control Group | HIIT Group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 29 (14 boys) | 27 (17 boys) | ||||
Age (years) | 10.4 | ± | 1.1 | 10.0 | ± | 1.0 |
Y-PHV (years) | −2.7 | ± | 1.3 | −2.1 | ± | 1.7 |
Body height (cm) | 139.4 | ± | 8.5 | 138.7 | ± | 10.0 |
Body mass (kg) | 32.0 | ± | 6.3 | 33.2 | ± | 10.5 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 16.3 | ± | 1.8 | 16.9 | ± | 2.7 |
MVPA (day/week) | 2.5 | ± | 2.0 | 2.3 | ± | 1.3 |
Control Group | HIIT Group | ANOVA p | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Δ (95% CI) | Pre | Post | Δ (95% CI) | Time | Group | Group × Time | |
20mSR | 55.66 ± 19.61 | 54.45 ± 19.03 | −1.21 [−4.29 to 1.88] | 42.33 ± 17.01 | 45.48 ± 20.36 * | 3.15 [0.16 to 6.13] | 0.359 | 0.030 | 0.043 |
SU | 18.41 ± 4.95 | 18.97 ± 5.20 | 0.55 [−0.16 to 1.26] | 17.22 ± 6.15 | 19.19 ± 6.25 * | 1.96 [0.83 to 3.10] | <0.001 | 0.743 | 0.032 |
SLJ | 157.0 ± 22.7 | 155.7 ± 21.1 | −1.29 [−4.29 to 1.71] | 145.4 ± 19.5 | 148.2 ± 19.8 | 2.73 [-0.30 to 5.76] | 0.491 | 0.089 | 0.058 |
Control Group | HIIT Group | ANOVA p | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Δ (95% CI) | Pre | Post | Δ (95% CI) | Time | Group | Group × Time | |
DFS | |||||||||
Score | 12.41 ± 2.40 | 12.97 ± 2.73 | 0.55 [0.08 to 1.02] | 11.93 ± 2.38 | 13.19 ± 3.00 | 1.26 [0.52 to 2.00] | <0.001 | 0.843 | 0.099 |
MS | 5.31 ± 1.04 | 5.38 ± 0.94 | 0.07 [−0.16 to 0.29] | 5.19 ± 0.92 | 5.52 ± 1.19 | 0.33 [-0.03 to 0.70] | 0.055 | 0.905 | 0.204 |
DBS | |||||||||
Score | 8.79 ± 2.47 | 8.86 ± 2.61 | 0.07 [−0.59 to 0.73] | 7.85 ± 2.51 | 8.96 ± 2.72 * | 1.11 [0.31 to 1.91] | 0.023 | 0.516 | 0.043 |
MS | 4.14 ± 1.03 | 4.14 ± 0.95 | 0.00 [−0.37 to 0.37] | 3.59 ± 1.01 | 4.07 ± 0.96 * | 0.48 [0.13 to 0.83] | 0.058 | 0.196 | 0.058 |
Control Group | HIIT Group | ANOVA p | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Δ (95% CI) | Pre | Post | Δ (95% CI) | Time | Group | Group × Time | |
Three-disk | |||||||||
Time | 74.9 ± 68.2 | 27.7 ± 13.5 | −45.5 [−72.1 to −19.0] | 98.4 ± 102.5 | 21.1 ± 8.7 | −77.2 [−117.6 to −36.9] | <0.001 | 0.488 | 0.204 |
Number | 13.2 ± 9.2 | 10.4 ± 3.0 | −2.7 [−6.5 to 1.1] | 14.1 ± 6.3 | 9.7 ± 2.7 | −4.4 [−6.9 to −2.0] | 0.003 | 0.918 | 0.478 |
Four-disk | |||||||||
Time | 206.7 ± 155.4 | 69.9 ± 48.3 | −132.1 [−189.0 to −75.1] | 136.7 ± 117.4 | 60.6 ± 24.7 | −76.1 [−121.7 to −30.4] | <0.001 | 0.063 | 0.102 |
Number | 35.6 ± 15.2 | 25.1 ± 12.3 | −10.1 [−17.0 to -3.3] | 29.1 ± 13.6 | 26.0 ± 8.8 | −3.1 [−9.6 to 3.4] | 0.006 | 0.287 | 0.120 |
Five-disk | |||||||||
Time | 151.5 ± 21.0 | 159.9 ± 145.3 | 8.3 [−56.9 to 73.4] | 157.1 ± 125.3 | 98.2 ± 57.6 | −58.9 [−114.5 to −3.2] | 0.248 | 0.204 | 0.126 |
Number | 39.5 ± 39.5 | 49.4 ± 33.2 | 9.8 [−5.6 to 25.3] | 49.8 ± 38.2 | 41.3 ± 19.6 | −8.5 [−25.7 to 8.7] | 0.905 | 0.851 | 0.115 |
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Tottori, N.; Morita, N.; Ueta, K.; Fujita, S. Effects of High Intensity Interval Training on Executive Function in Children Aged 8–12 Years. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214127
Tottori N, Morita N, Ueta K, Fujita S. Effects of High Intensity Interval Training on Executive Function in Children Aged 8–12 Years. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214127
Chicago/Turabian StyleTottori, Nobuaki, Noriteru Morita, Kenji Ueta, and Satoshi Fujita. 2019. "Effects of High Intensity Interval Training on Executive Function in Children Aged 8–12 Years" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214127